A Gift of Fire

Chapter 1: Unwrapping the Gift

• • 1.1 The Pace of Change
• • 1.2 Change and Unexpected Developments
• • 1.2.1 Self-Driving Vehicles
• • 1.2.2 Connections: Mobile Phones, Social Networking, and the Internet of Things
• • 1.2.3 E-commerce and Free Stuff
• • 1.2.4 Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Sensors, and Motion
• • 1.2.5 Tools for Disabled People
• • 1.3 Themes
• • 1.4 Ethics
• • 1.4.1 What is Ethics, Anyway?
• • 1.4.2 A Variety of Ethical Views
• • 1.4.3 Some Important Distinctions

Chapter 2: Privacy

• • 2.1 Privacy Risks and Principles
• • 2.1.1 What Is Privacy?
• • 2.1.2 New Technology, New Risks
• • 2.1.3 Terminology and Principles for Managing Personal Data
• • 2.2 The Business and Social Sectors
• • 2.2.1 Marketing and Personalization
• • 2.2.2 Our Social and Personal Activity
• • 2.2.3 Location Tracking
• • 2.2.4 A Right to Be Forgotten
• • 2.3 The Fourth Amendment and Changing Technology
• • 2.3.1 The Fourth Amendment
• • 2.3.2 Background, Law, and Court Decisions
• • 2.3.3 Applying the Fourth Amendment in New Areas
• • 2.4 Government Systems
• • 2.4.1 Video Surveillance and Face Recognition
• • 2.4.2 Databases
• • 2.4.3 Public Records: Access versus Privacy
• • 2.4.4 National ID Systems
• • 2.4.5 The NSA and Secret Intelligence Gathering
• • 2.5 Protecting Privacy: Technology and Markets
• • 2.5.1 Developing Privacy Tools
• • 2.5.2 Encryption
• • 2.5.3 Blocking Ads
• • 2.5.4 Policies for Protecting Personal Data
• • 2.6 Protecting Privacy: Theory, Rights, and Laws
• • 2.6.1 A Right to Privacy
• • 2.6.2 Law and Regulation
• • 2.6.3 Contrasting Viewpoints
• • 2.7 Privacy Regulations in the European Union

Chapter 3: Freedom of Speech

• • 3.1 The First Amendment and Communications Paradigms
• • 3.1.1 Free Speech Principles
• • 3.1.2 Regulating Communications Media
• • 3.2 Controlling Speech in Cyberspace
• • 3.2.1 What Is O ensive Speech? What Is Illegal?
• • 3.2.2 Censorship Laws and Alternatives
• • 3.2.3 Child Pornography and Sexting
• • 3.2.4 Spam
• • 3.2.5 Challenging Old Regulatory Structures and Special Interests
• • 3.3 Decisions about Legal but Objectionable Content
• • 3.4 Leaking Sensitive Material
• • 3.5 Anonymity
• • 3.6 The Global Net: Censorship and Political Freedom
• • 3.6.1 Tools for Communication, Tools for Oppression
• • 3.6.2 Aiding Foreign Censors and Repressive Regimes
• • 3.6.3 Shutting Down Communications in Free Countries
• • 3.7 Net Neutrality: Regulations or the Market?

Chapter 4: Intellectual Property

• • 4.1 Principles and Laws
• • 4.1.1 What Is Intellectual Property?
• • 4.1.2 Challenges of New Technologies
• • 4.1.3 A Bit of History
• • 4.1.4 The Fair Use Doctrine
• • 4.1.5 Ethical Arguments About Copying
• • 4.2 Signi cant Fair Use Cases and Precedents
• • 4.2.1 Sony v. Universal City Studios (1984)
• • 4.2.2 Reverse Engineering: Game Machines
• • 4.2.3 Sharing Music: The Napster and Grokster Cases
• • 4.2.4 User and Programmer Interfaces
• • 4.3 Responses to Copyright Infringement
• • 4.3.1 Defensive and Aggressive Responses from the Content Industries
• • 4.3.2 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act: Anti Circumvention
• • 4.3.3 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act: Safe Harbor
• • 4.3.4 Evolving Business Models
• • 4.4 Search Engines and Online Libraries
• • 4.5 Free Software
• • 4.5.1 What Is Free Software?
• • 4.5.2 Should All Software Be Free?
• • 4.6 Patents for Software Inventions
• • 4.6.1 Patent Trends, Confusion, and Controversies
• • 4.6.2 To Patent or Not?

Chapter 5: Crime and Security

• • 5.1 Introduction
• • 5.2 What is Hacking?
• • 5.2.1 The Evolution of Hacking
• • 5.2.2 Hacker Tools
• • 5.2.3 Is “Harmless” Hacking Harmless?
• • 5.3 Some Speci c Applications of Hacking
• • 5.3.1 Identity Theft
• • 5.3.2 Case Study: The Target Breach
• • 5.3.3 Hacktivism, or Political Hacking
• • 5.3.4 Hacking by Governments
• • 5.4 Why Is the Digital World So Vulnerable?
• • 5.4.1 Vulnerability of Operating Systems and the Internet
• • 5.4.2 Human Nature, Markets, and Vulnerability of the Internet of Things
• • 5.5 Security
• • 5.5.1 Tools to Help Protect the Digital World
• • 5.5.2 People Who Can Help Protect the Digital World
• • 5.5.3 Hacking to Improve Security
• • 5.5.4 Backdoors for Law Enforcement
• • 5.6 The Law
• • 5.6.1 The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
• • 5.6.2 Criminalize Virus Writing and Hacker Tools?
• • 5.6.3 Penalties for Young Hackers
• • 5.7 Whose Laws Rule the Web?
• • 5.7.1 A Crime in One Country but Not Another
• • 5.7.2 Libel and Freedom of Speech
• • 5.7.3 Culture, Law, and Ethics
• • 5.7.4 Potential Solutions

Chapter 6: Work

• • 6.1 Fears and Questions
• • 6.2 Impacts on Employment
• • 6.2.1 Job Destruction and Creation
• • 6.2.2 Changing Skills and Skill Levels
• • 6.2.3 Are We Earning Less and Working More?
• • 6.3 Changing Work Patterns: From Telecommuting to Gigs
• • 6.3.1 Telecommuting
• • 6.3.2 The Sharing Economy, On-Demand Services, and GIG Work
• • 6.4 A Global Workforce
• • 6.5 Employee Communication and Monitoring by Employers
• • 6.5.1 Social Media Content
• • 6.5.2 Separating–or Merging–Work and Personal Systems
• • 6.5.3 Monitoring Employer Systems and Tracking Employees

Chapter 7: Evaluating and Controlling Technology

• • 7.1 Evaluating Information
• • 7.1.1 The Need for Responsible Judgment
• • 7.1.2 Computer Models
• • 7.2 Neo-Luddite Views of Computers, Technology, and Quality of Life
• • 7.2.1 Criticisms of Computing Technologies
• • 7.2.2 Views of Economics, Nature, and Human Needs
• • 7.3 Digital Divides
• • 7.3.1 Trends in Access in the United States
• • 7.3.2 Reaching the Next Billion Users
• • 7.4 Control of Our Devices and Data
• • 7.4.1 Remote Deletion of Software and Data
• • 7.4.2 Automatic Software Upgrades
• • 7.5 Making Decisions About Technology
• • 7.5.1 Questions
• • 7.5.2 The Di culty of Prediction
• • 7.5.3 Intelligent Machines and Super-intelligent Humans–Or the End of the Human Race?
• • 7.5.4 A Few Observations

Chapter 8: Errors, Failures, and Risks

• • 8.1 Failures and Errors in Computer Systems
• • 8.1.1 An Overview
• • 8.1.2 Problems For Individuals
• • 8.1.3 System Failures
• • 8.1.4 Example: Stalled Airports at Denver, Hong Kong, and Malaysia
• • 8.1.5 Example: HealthCare.gov
• • 8.1.6 What Goes Wrong?
• • 8.1.7 Problems For Individuals
• • 8.2 Case Study:The Therac-25
• • 8.2.1 Therac-25 Radiation Overdoses
• • 8.2.2 Software and Design Problems
• • 8.2.3 Why So Many Incidents?
• • 8.2.4 Observations and Perspective
• • 8.3 Increasing Reliability and Safety
• • 8.3.1 Professional Techniques
• • 8.3.2 Trust the Human or the Computer System?
• • 8.3.3 Law, Regulation, and Markets
• • 8.4 Dependence, Risk, and Progress
• • 8.4.1 Are We Too Dependent on Computers?
• • 8.4.2 Risk and Progress

Chapter 9: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities

• • 9.1 What Is “Professional Ethics”?
• • 9.2 Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals
• • 9.2.1 Special Aspects of Professional Ethics
• • 9.2.2 Professional Codes of Ethics
• • 9.2.3 Guidelines and Professional Responsibilities
• • 9.3 Scenarios
• • 9.3.1 Introduction and Methodology
• • 9.3.2 Protecting Personal Data
• • 9.3.3 Designing an Application with Targeted Ads
• • 9.3.4 Webcams in School Laptops
• • 9.3.5 Publishing Security Vulnerabilities
• • 9.3.6 Specifications
• • 9.3.7 Schedule Pressures
• • 9.3.8 Software License Violation
• • 9.3.9 Going Public with Safety Concerns
• • 9.3.10 Release of Personal Information
• • 9.3.11 Conflict of Interest
• • 9.3.12 Kickbacks and Disclosure
• • 9.3.13 A Test Plan
• • 9.3.14 Artificial Intelligence and Sentencing Criminals
• • 9.3.15 A Gracious Host