An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
by Ronald Wardhaugh, Janet M. Fuller
8th Edition
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
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Book Details
| Print ISBN | 9781119473428 |
| eText ISBN | 9781119473541 |
| Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
| Publishing Year | 2021 |
| Edition | 8th Edition |
| Language | English |
| Pages | 480 |
An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 8th Edition, provides an introduction to the study of language in social context. The textbook introduces major theoretical frameworks, concepts, and debates concerning how societal norms and communicative practices shape everyday language use.
Coverage addresses dialect differentiation, regional and social variation, and the pragmatic roles of communicative context. The text also explores research approaches such as variationist sociolinguistics, ethnography, and discourse analysis, alongside multilingual discourse across global and digital environments.
Prepared for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, linguistics, and education, the book incorporates end-of-chapter exercises and companion web resources to support practical study.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
- • Key Topics
- • The Nature of Language
- • Knowledge of Language
- • Competence and performance
- • Variation
- • Variants and the linguistic variable
- • Language Users and Their Groups: Identities
- • Language and Culture
- • Directions of influence
- • The Whorfian hypothesis
- • Correlations
- • The Interdisciplinary Legacy of Sociolinguistics
- • Overview of the Book
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Part I: Languages, Communities, and Contexts
Chapter 2: Languages, Dialects, and Varieties
- • Key Topics
- • What is a Language?
- • Language or Dialect?
- • Mutual intelligibility
- • The role of social identity
- • Standardization
- • The standard as an abstraction
- • The standardization process
- • The standard and language change
- • Standard language?
- • The standard–dialect hierarchy
- • Regional Dialects
- • Dialect geography
- • Everyone has an accent
- • Social Dialects
- • Kiezdeutsch ‘neighborhood German’
- • Ethnic dialects
- • African American Vernacular English
- • Features of AAVE
- • Development of AAVE
- • Societal aspects of AAVE Use
- • Styles and Indexes: The Social Meanings of Linguistic Forms
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Chapter 3: Defining Groups
- • Key Topics
- • Speech Communities
- • Linguistic boundaries
- • Shared norms
- • Communities of Practice
- • Social Networks
- • Social Identities
- • Beliefs about Language and Social Groups
- • Language ideologies
- • The standard language ideology
- • The purist ideology
- • Monoglossic ideologies
- • Iconicity, erasure, and recursivity
- • Language attitudes
- • Perceptual dialectology
- • Matched/verbal guises
- • Implicit association task (IAT)
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Chapter 4: Language in Context: Pragmatics
- • Key Topics
- • Speech Acts
- • Performatives
- • Implicature
- • Maxims
- • Politeness
- • Face
- • Positive and negative politeness
- • Beyond politeness theory
- • Politeness and indirectness
- • Pronouns
- • Tu and vous: power and solidarity
- • Pronouns and positioning
- • Naming and Titles
- • Fluidity and change in address terms
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Part II: Theory and Methods
Chapter 5: Language Variation and Change
- • Key Topics
- • Variables and Correlations
- • Types of linguistic variables
- • Indicators, markers and stereotypes
- • Independent variables
- • Data Collection and Analysis
- • The observer’s paradox
- • The sociolinguistic interview
- • Sampling
- • Apparent time and real time
- • Doing Quantitative Research: What Do the Numbers Really Mean?
- • Regional Variation
- • Mapping dialects
- • Methods in dialectology
- • Dialect mixture and free variation
- • Linguistic atlases
- • Social Variation
- • Social class membership
- • The First Wave of Variation Studies
- • Early work on gender variation
- • The fourth floor
- • Variation in Norwich
- • Variation in Detroit
- • Variation in Glasgow
- • Linguistic constraints on variation
- • Language Variation and Change
- • Change from above and below
- • Some changes in progress
- • Change across space: urban centers and physical barriers
- • Change over time or age-grading?
- • Martha’s Vineyard
- • Gender and language change
- • Language change and the linguistic marketplace
- • The Second Wave of Variation Studies
- • Social networks
- • Social network theory and language change
- • Gender variation in the second wave
- • Jocks and burnouts
- • The Third Wave of Variation Studies
- • Stance, style, and identity
- • Change across the lifespan
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Chapter 6: Ethnographic Approaches in Sociolinguistics
- • Key Topics
- • Ethnography: Participant Observation
- • The Ethnography of Communication
- • Communicative competence
- • The communicative event and communicative acts
- • The SPEAKING device
- • Ethnography and beyond
- • Ethnomethodology
- • Background knowledge as part of communication
- • Commonsense knowledge and practical reasoning
- • Garfinkel and his students: studies in ethnomethodology
- • Ethnomethodology and conversation analysis
- • Critical Ethnography
- • (Socio)linguistic Ethnography
- • Digital Ethnographies: Research in Online Communities
- • Ethnography in Combination with Other Sociolinguistic Methods
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Chapter 7: Discourse Analysis
- • Key Topics
- • Conversation Analysis
- • Adjacency pairs
- • Openings
- • Closings
- • Turn-taking
- • Repair
- • Institutional talk
- • Membership categorization
- • Interactional Sociolinguistics
- • Data and methodologies
- • Contextualization and stance
- • Identities
- • Critical Discourse Analysis
- • Contrasts and critiques
- • Methodologies and connections
- • Corpus Linguistics
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Part III: Multilingual Matters
Chapter 8: Languages in Contact: Multilingual Societies and Multilingual Discourse
- • Key Topics
- • Multilingualism as a Societal Phenomenon
- • Language competencies in multilingual societies
- • Language ideologies surrounding multilingualism
- • Linguistic landscapes
- • Language attitudes in multilingual settings
- • Language Maintenance and Shift
- • Diglossia
- • Domains
- • Language attitudes and ideologies
- • Language learning
- • The statuses of the H and L varieties
- • Extended diglossia and language maintenance
- • Questioning diglossia
- • Multilingual Discourse
- • Metaphorical and situational codeswitching
- • Communication accommodation theory
- • The markedness model
- • Multilingual identities
- • Bricolage
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Chapter 9: Contact Varieties: Structural Consequences of Social Factors
- • Key Topics
- • The Structure of Codeswitching
- • Loanwords and Calques
- • Convergence
- • Ethnicized and Social Dialects as Contact Varieties
- • Latinx Englishes
- • Straattaal ‘street language’
- • Mixed Languages
- • Lingua Francas
- • Pidgin and Creole Languages: Definitions
- • Connections between P/C languages and second language acquisition
- • Creole Formation
- • Theories of creole genesis
- • Geographical Distribution
- • Linguistic Characteristics of P/C Languages
- • Phonology
- • Morphosyntax
- • Vocabulary
- • From Pidgin to Creole and Beyond
- • Creole continuum?
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Chapter 10: Language, the Nation, and Beyond
- • Key Topics
- • Language and Nation
- • Nationalism and language
- • Language and national identity categories
- • Belonging beyond the nation
- • Language and Migration
- • Identity construction in the context of migration
- • Identity over time and space
- • Diversity and superdiversity
- • Discourses of migration and integration
- • LADO
- • Language and Globalization
- • Global English: threat or promise?
- • Language and the Digital World
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Part IV: Sociolinguistics and Social Justice
Chapter 11: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
- • Key Topics
- • Defining Terms: Sex Category, Gender, and Sexuality
- • Sexist Language
- • Grammatical gender marking
- • Language change
- • Deficit, Dominance, and Difference
- • Women’s language as a deficit
- • Dominance
- • Difference
- • Gender and Sexuality Identities
- • Multiple identities
- • The role of hegemonic ideologies in gender and sexuality identity construction
- • Context-specific identity construction: the workplace
- • Discourses of Gender and Sexuality
- • Normative discourses
- • Discourses about language use
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Chapter 12: Sociolinguistics and Education
- • Key Topics
- • Social Dialects and Education
- • Restricted codes and the language gap
- • Difference not deficit
- • Role of the home dialect in education
- • An achievement gap?
- • Education in Multilingual Contexts
- • Ideologies
- • Use of minoritized languages in the classroom
- • Elite and immigrant bilingualism
- • Education and World-Wide English
- • Circles of English
- • English in world-wide education
- • Elite closure
- • English in Europe
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
Chapter 13: Language Policy and Planning
- • Key Topics
- • Terminology, Concepts, and Development of the Field
- • Types of language planning
- • The intellectual history of LPP
- • Data and methods
- • LPP and Nationalization
- • LPP in Turkey: orthography and purity
- • LPP in the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet era: from Russification to nationalization
- • Official monolingualism in France
- • LPP in Post- and Neo-Colonial Contexts
- • Kenya
- • India
- • Multilingual Countries and LPP
- • Canada
- • Belgium
- • Papua New Guinea
- • Singapore
- • Feminist Language Planning
- • Endangered Languages and the Spread of English
- • Endangered languages
- • Family language policy, new speakers, and LPP
- • English world-wide
- • Language policy … or lack thereof
- • Chapter Summary
- • Exercises
- • Further Reading
- • References
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