Aquatic Pollution
An Introductory Text
by Edward A. Laws
4th Edition
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
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Book Details
| Print ISBN | 9781119304500 |
| eText ISBN | 9781119304593 |
| Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
| Publishing Year | 2017 |
| Edition | 4th Edition |
| Language | English |
| Pages | 768 |
Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text, 4th Edition, provides an examination of water quality challenges in freshwater and marine environments. The textbook introduces ecological principles, contamination mechanisms, and mitigation strategies for managing natural waters.
Core subjects include nutrient loading, sewage disposal, urban runoff, pesticides, and oil pollution. The volume pairs foundational science with analysis of major events such as the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Designed for students in environmental science, oceanography, biology, zoology, and civil or sanitary engineering, the work also provides reference material for policymakers. End-of-chapter questions and original case studies offer practice and illustrative context.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts
- • Simple Food Chain Theory
- • Ecological Pyramids
- • Recycling and the Microbial Loop
- • Food Chain Magnification
- • Food Webs
- • Food Webs and Ecosystem Stability
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 2: Photosynthesis
- • Light Limitation of Photosynthesis
- • Nutrient Limitation of Photosynthesis
- • Nutrient Enrichment Experiments
- • Long Island Bays
- • Canadian Experimental Lakes
- • Nitrogen versus Phosphorus Limitation
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 3: Physical Factors Affecting Production
- • Physical Properties of Water
- • Water Column Stability and Overturning
- • The Importance of Overturning
- • Seasonal Production Cycles
- • Trophic Status
- • Susceptibility of Systems to Oxygen Depletion
- • Estuaries: A Special Case
- • Chesapeake Bay
- • The Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 4: Cultural Eutrophication Case Studies
- • Case Study 1: Lake Washington
- • History of Eutrophication
- • Effects of Sewage Diversion
- • Nutrient Limitation
- • Oxygen Depletion
- • Water Clarity
- • Cyanobacteria
- • Theoretical Predictions
- • Case Study 2: Lake Erie
- • The Destruction of Fish Spawning and Nursery Grounds as a Result of Land‐Use Modifications
- • The Depletion of Fish Stocks Due to Overfishing
- • The Creation of Anoxic Bottom Water Conditions Due to Cultural Eutrophication
- • The Disposal of Toxic Wastes
- • Sediment in Land Runoff
- • Contamination of Nearshore Areas with Sewage Wastes
- • Remedial Efforts
- • Toxic Substances
- • Eutrophication
- • Prospects for Lake Erie
- • Case Study 3: Kaneohe Bay
- • Physical Setting
- • The Coral Reefs
- • Urbanization of the Watershed
- • Changes in Land Runoff
- • Sewage Disposal
- • Effects of Sewage Disposal
- • Response to Sewage Diversion
- • Current Status and Prospects for Kaneohe Bay
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 5: Nonpoint Source Pollution
- • Definitions
- • Composition of Land Runoff
- • Types of Sewer Systems
- • Corrective Measures
- • Use of Settling Basins
- • Ground Recharge Basins
- • Storage in Underflow Tunnels or Tanks
- • Minimizing Runoff
- • Summary
- • A Case Study: Lake Jackson, Florida
- • Correctives
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 6: Sewage Treatment
- • Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Treatment
- • Secondary Treatment for BOD Removal
- • Trickling Filters
- • Activated Sludge
- • Pros and Cons of Trickling Filter and Activated Sludge Treatment
- • The Anaerobic Digester
- • Tertiary Treatment
- • Phosphorus Removal
- • Nitrogen Removal
- • Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
- • Cost of Conventional Sewage Treatment
- • Land Application of Sewage
- • Results of Spray Irrigation Studies
- • Limiting Factors
- • Use of Sewage Sludge
- • Unconventional Sewage Treatment
- • Detergent Phosphates
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 7: Pathogens in Natural Waters
- • Sources of Pathogens
- • Types of Pathogens and Their Detection
- • Bacterial Pathogens
- • Protozoan Pathogens
- • Viral Pathogens
- • Helminths
- • Tests for Pathogens
- • Treatment of Public Water Supplies
- • Removal of Suspended Solids
- • Filtration
- • Chlorination
- • Alternatives to Chlorination
- • Impact of Treatment
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 8: Toxicology
- • The Role of Toxicology in Water Quality Management
- • Kinds of Toxicity
- • Sublethal Effects
- • Reproduction
- • Development and Growth
- • Behavior
- • Determination of Toxicity
- • Acute Toxicity Determination
- • Chronic Toxicity Determination
- • Median Survival Times
- • Incipient Lethal Levels
- • Water Quality Standards
- • Acute Effects
- • Chronic Toxicity
- • Acute/Chronic Ratios
- • Toxicity to Plants
- • The Two-Number Criterion
- • Complicating Factors
- • Interactions with Harmless Substances or Conditions
- • Incorporation into Water Quality Guidelines
- • Conditioning and Acclimation
- • Interactions between Toxic Substances
- • Public Health
- • Noncarcinogenic Effects
- • Application to Cadmium
- • Carcinogenic Effects
- • Protection of Wildlife
- • Commentary
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 9: Industrial Pollution
- • The Oxygen Sag
- • Innovative Strategies for Reducing Industrial Pollution
- • The Hawaiian Sugar Cane Industry
- • Sugar Cane Production: Field Operations
- • Sugar Cane Production: Harvesting
- • Sugar Cane Production: Factory Operations
- • Survey of Water Pollution Problems
- • Response to the EPA Survey
- • Present Status of the Industry
- • The Pulp and Paper Industry
- • Steps in the Production of Paper
- • Objectionable Characteristics of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent
- • Suspended Solids
- • Dissolved Organics
- • Toxic Substances
- • Wastewater Treatment
- • A Case Study: The Buckeye Cellulose Corporation Pulp and Paper Mill at Perry, Florida
- • Commentary
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 10: Pesticides and Persistent Organic Pollutants
- • Classification of Pesticides
- • Mode of Action
- • Pesticide Use
- • Public Health
- • Use of DDT to Control Malaria
- • Agriculture
- • Forestry
- • Pesticide Effects on Nontarget Species
- • Forest Spraying with DDT to Control Spruce Budworms in New Brunswick, Canada
- • DDD Treatment to Control Gnat Populations on Clear Lake, California
- • Exaggerated and/or Erroneous Charges against Pesticide Use
- • The Destruction of Speckled Sea Trout in the Laguna Madre, Texas
- • DDT Reduces Photosynthesis by Marine Phytoplankton
- • DDT Residues of 5 ppm (Wet Weight) in the Eggs of Freshwater Trout Result in 100% Mortality of Fry
- • DDT Causes Cancer
- • Implications
- • Pesticide Persistence in the Biosphere and Food Chain Magnification
- • Pesticide Effects on Birds
- • Field Observations
- • Laboratory Studies
- • Summary of Pesticide Effects on Birds
- • Pest Resistance
- • Mechanisms of Resistance
- • The Cost of Pest Resistance
- • Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticide Use
- • Biological Control
- • Natural Predators and Parasites
- • Pathogens and Natural Toxins
- • Genetic Control
- • Resistant Plants
- • Sterile Males
- • Chemical Control
- • Integrated Pest Management
- • Commentary
- • EPA Hearings, 13 January, 1972. Afternoon Session
- • Persistent Organic Pollutants
- • Polychlorinated Biphenyls
- • Problems with PCBs
- • Persistence of PCBs
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 11: Thermal Pollution and Power Plants
- • Power Plant Design
- • Water Quality Criteria
- • Cooling Water System Characteristics
- • Toxic Effects of Effluent Waters on Biota
- • Sublethal Effects
- • Commentary
- • A Case Study – The Florida Power and Light Power Plant at Turkey Point
- • The Study Area
- • The Power Plant
- • Effects on Biota
- • Modifications
- • Correctives
- • Cooling Canals
- • Cooling Towers
- • Problems
- • Internal Plant Kills
- • Screen Impingements
- • Inner Plant Kills
- • Possible Beneficial Uses of Thermal Discharges
- • Cogeneration Power Plants
- • Agriculture
- • Aquaculture
- • Other Uses
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 12: Metals
- • The Question of Biological Magnification
- • Case Studies
- • Mercury
- • Production and Uses
- • Fluxes to the Environment
- • Speciation of Mercury and Toxicology
- • Minamata Bay: A Case Study
- • Seafood Consumption
- • Cadmium
- • Distribution, Production, and Uses
- • Emissions to the Environment
- • Natural Fluxes to Aquatic Systems
- • Anthropogenic Fluxes to Aquatic Systems
- • Toxicity
- • Itai‐Itai Disease: A Case Study
- • Correctives and Prospects for the Future
- • Lead
- • Production and Use
- • Emissions
- • Toxicology
- • Commentary
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 13: Oil Pollution
- • Oil Discharges to the Marine Environment
- • Natural Sources
- • Marine Seeps
- • Anthropogenic Sources
- • Platforms
- • Atmospheric Deposition
- • Produced Waters
- • Pipeline Spills
- • Tanker Spills
- • Operational Discharges (Cargo Washings)
- • Coastal Facility Spills (Refined Products)
- • Atmospheric Deposition (From Tankers)
- • Land‐Based Runoff
- • Recreational Marine Vessels
- • Spills (Non‐tankers)
- • Operational Discharges (Vessels >100 GT)
- • Operational Discharges (Vessels <100 GT)
- • Aircraft Dumping
- • Commentary
- • The Genesis of Oil
- • Sedimentation
- • Metamorphosis
- • Migration
- • What Is Oil?
- • Alkanes: Paraffins or Aliphatic Compounds
- • Cycloalkanes or Naphthenes
- • Aromatics
- • Toxicology
- • Oiling and Ingestion
- • Weathering
- • Lethal and Sublethal Effects
- • Human Health
- • Case Studies
- • Exxon Valdez
- • The Accident and Initial Containment Efforts
- • Cleanup
- • Fate of Spilled Oil
- • Effects on Organisms
- • Summary
- • Deepwater Horizon
- • Buzzards Bay
- • Correctives
- • Prevention
- • Offloading
- • Burning
- • Chemical Dispersal
- • Mechanical Containment and Cleanup
- • Sinking
- • Bioremediation
- • Oil Fingerprinting
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 14: Radioactivity
- • Physical Background
- • Radiation Toxicology
- • The No Threshold and Linear Dose–Response Hypotheses
- • Health Effect Estimates
- • Current Levels of Exposure
- • Importance of Certain Radionuclides
- • Effects on Aquatic Systems
- • Nuclear Fission and Fission Reactors
- • Nuclear Fusion
- • Radiation Releases by Power Plants
- • Routine Radionuclide Releases
- • Accidents
- • The NRX Accident
- • Windscale
- • The SL‐1 Incident
- • The Fermi Reactor Accident
- • The Three Mile Island Incident
- • Chernobyl
- • Fukushima Daiichi
- • Summary
- • Waste Disposal
- • Types of Radioactive Waste
- • History of Disposal
- • The Search for Long‐Term Disposal Sites
- • Transmutation
- • Uranium Mine Wastes
- • Decommissioning Nuclear Reactors
- • Commentary
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 15: Acid Deposition and Ocean Acidification
- • Acid Deposition
- • Acid Rain
- • History of the Acid Deposition Problem
- • Susceptibility of Lakes to Acid Deposition Effects
- • Acid Deposition Toxicology
- • Magnitude of Anthropogenic Emissions
- • Correctives
- • So X Removal
- • Pretreatment
- • Conversion
- • Coal Gasification
- • Coal Liquefaction
- • Methanol Production
- • Combustion
- • Fluidized Bed Combustion
- • Lime Injection in Multistage Burners (LIMB)
- • Post‐combustion
- • Stack Gas Scrubbing
- • Electron Beam Method
- • No X Removal
- • Pretreatment and Conversion
- • Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
- • Comments
- • Legal Aspects
- • A Case Study: The Netherlands
- • Commentary
- • Ocean Acidification
- • Solutions
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 16: Groundwater Pollution
- • Reliance on Groundwater
- • General Aquifer Information
- • Overdrafting
- • The Extent of Groundwater Pollution
- • Septic Tanks
- • Saltwater Contamination
- • Fracking
- • Sewage
- • Mining Activities
- • Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
- • Toxic Chemicals
- • Illegal Disposal
- • Magnitude of the Problem
- • A Case Study: The Rocky Mountain Arsenal
- • Legal Considerations
- • Rcra
- • Sdwa
- • Cwa
- • Cercla
- • Other Legislation
- • Enforcement
- • Correctives
- • Cleanup
- • Prevention
- • The EPA Groundwater Protection Strategy
- • Questions
- • References
Chapter 17: Plastics in the Sea
- • The Nature of the Problem
- • Effects
- • Aesthetics
- • Ingestion
- • Entanglement
- • Ghost Fishing
- • Other Causes of Entanglement
- • Damage to Vessels
- • Correctives
- • Marpol Annex V
- • Other Legislation
- • Degradable Plastic
- • Solutions Through Technology
- • Education
- • Questions
- • References
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