Energy and the Environment

Chapter 1: Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial Society

• • 1.1 Introduction
• • 1.2 Why Do We Use So Much Energy?
• • 1.3 Energy Basics
• • 1.3.1 General
• • 1.3.2 Forms of Energy
• • 1.3.3 Power
• • 1.4 Units of Energy
• • 1.4.1 The Joule
• • 1.4.2 The British Thermal Unit
• • 1.4.3 The Calorie
• • 1.4.4 The Foot-Pound
• • 1.4.5 The Electron-Volt
• • 1.5 Scientific Notation
• • 1.6 Energy Consumption in the United States
• • 1.7 The Principle of Energy Conservation
• • 1.8 Transformation of Energy from One Form to Another
• • 1.9 Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Sources
• • 1.9.1 Nonrenewable Energy Sources
• • 1.9.2 Renewable Energy Sources
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References

Chapter 2: The Fossil Fuels

• • 2.1 Introduction
• • 2.2 Petroleum
• • 2.3 History of the Production of Petroleum in the United States
• • 2.4 Petroleum Resources of the United States
• • 2.5 World Production of Petroleum
• • 2.6 The Cost of Gasoline in the United States
• • 2.7 Petroleum Refining
• • 2.8 Natural Gas
• • 2.9 The History of Use of Natural Gas
• • 2.10 The Natural Gas Resource Base in the United States
• • 2.11 The Natural Gas Resource Base for the World
• • 2.12 The Formation of Coal
• • 2.13 Coal Resources and Consumption
• • 2.14 Oil Shale
• • 2.15 Tar Sands
• • 2.16 Summary
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References

Chapter 3: Heat Engines

• • 3.1 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
• • 3.2 The Energy Content of Fuels
• • 3.3 The Thermodynamics of Heat Engines
• • 3.4 Generation of Electricity
• • 3.5 Electric Power Transmission
• • 3.6 Practical Heat Engines
• • 3.6.1 Steam Engines
• • 3.6.2 Gasoline Engines
• • 3.6.3 Diesel Engines
• • 3.6.4 Gas Turbines
• • 3.7 Heat Pumps
• • 3.8 Cogeneration
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References

Chapter 4: Renewable Energy Sources I: Solar Energy

• • 4.1 Introduction
• • 4.2 Energy from the Sun
• • 4.3 A Flat-Plate Collector System
• • 4.4 Passive Solar
• • 4.5 Solar Thermal Electric Power Generation
• • 4.5.1 Power Towers
• • 4.5.2 Parabolic Dishes and Troughs
• • 4.6 The Direct Conversion of Solar Energy to Electrical Energy
• • 4.7 Solar Cooling
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References

Chapter 5: Renewable Energy Sources II: Alternatives

• • 5.1 Introduction
• • 5.2 Hydropower
• • 5.3 Wind Power
• • 5.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• • 5.5 Biomass as an Energy Feedstock
• • 5.6 Biomass: Municipal Solid Waste
• • 5.7 Biomass-Derived Liquid and Gaseous Fuels
• • 5.8 Geothermal Energy
• • 5.9 Tidal Energy
• • 5.10 Wave Energy
• • 5.11 Summary
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References

Chapter 6: The Promise and Problems of Nuclear Energy

• • 6.1 Introduction
• • 6.2 A Short History of Nuclear Energy
• • 6.3 Radioactivity
• • 6.4 Nuclear Reactors
• • 6.5 The Boiling Water Reactor
• • 6.6 Fuel Cycle
• • 6.7 Uranium Resources
• • 6.8 Environmental and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Energy
• • 6.9 Nuclear Reactor Accidents
• • 6.9.1 The Chernobyl Disaster
• • 6.9.2 Fukushima Daiichi Disaster
• • 6.10 Nuclear Weapons
• • 6.11 The Storage of High-Level Radioactive Waste
• • 6.12 The Cost of Nuclear Power
• • 6.13 Nuclear Fusion as an Energy Source
• • 6.14 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions
• • 6.15 A Fusion Reactor
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References

Chapter 7: Energy Conservation

• • 7.1 A Penny Saved Is a Penny Earned
• • 7.2 Space Heating
• • 7.2.1 Thermal Insulation
• • 7.2.2 Air Infiltration
• • 7.2.3 Furnaces, Stoves, and Fireplaces
• • 7.2.4 Solar and Other Sources of Heat Energy
• • 7.2.5 Standards for Home Heating
• • 7.3 Water Heaters, Home Appliances, and Lighting
• • 7.3.1 Water Heating
• • 7.3.2 Appliances
• • 7.3.3 Lighting
• • 7.3.4 The Energy-Conserving House
• • 7.4 Energy Conservation in Industry and Agriculture
• • 7.4.1 Housekeeping
• • 7.4.2 Waste Heat Recovery and Cogeneration
• • 7.4.3 Process Changes
• • 7.4.4 Recycling
• • 7.4.5 New Developments
• • 7.4.6 Help from Public Utilities
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References

Chapter 8: Transportation

• • 8.1 Introduction
• • 8.2 Power and Energy Requirements
• • 8.3 Electric Batteries, Flywheels, Hybrids, Hydrogen, Alcohol
• • 8.3.1 Electric Vehicles
• • 8.3.2 Flywheel-Powered Vehicles
• • 8.3.3 Hybrid Vehicles
• • 8.3.4 Hydrogen, Fuel Cells
• • 8.3.5 Alcohol as a Transportation Fuel
• • 8.4 Mass Transportation
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References

Chapter 9: Air Pollution

• • 9.1 Spaceship Earth
• • 9.2 The Earth’s Atmosphere
• • 9.3 Thermal Inversions
• • 9.4 Carbon Monoxide
• • 9.5 The Oxides of Nitrogen
• • 9.6 Hydrocarbon Emissions and Photochemical Smog
• • 9.7 Reduction of Vehicle Emissions
• • 9.8 Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere
• • 9.9 Particulates as Pollutants
• • 9.10 Acid Rain
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References

Chapter 10: Global Effects

• • 10.1 Introduction
• • 10.2 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
• • 10.3 The Greenhouse Effect and World Climate Changes
• • Key Terms
• • Questions and Problems
• • Multiple Choice Questions
• • Suggested Reading and References