Forest Ecology
by Daniel M. Kashian, Donald R. Zak, Burton V. Barnes, Stephen H. Spurr
5th Edition
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
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Book Details
| Print ISBN | 9781119476085 |
| eText ISBN | 9781119476146 |
| Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
| Publishing Year | 2023 |
| Edition | 5th Edition |
| Language | English |
| Pages | 784 |
Forest Ecology, 5th Edition is a foundational academic textbook designed for university students, active researchers, academics, and natural resource practitioners. The text provides a comprehensive examination of forest environments, detailing how individual trees, biological populations, and complex plant communities function and interact within their surrounding physical settings.
The thematic coverage bridges organismal biology and physical environmental sciences. Specific chapters examine tree structure, physiological growth, regeneration pathways, forest community dynamics, genetic diversity, and long-term succession. The material further evaluates critical abiotic controls, detailing the specific ecological roles of light availability, temperature variation, site physiography, soil properties, and natural fire regimes.
The volume organizes these subjects around a unified landscape ecosystem framework that explicitly integrates living biota with atmospheric conditions, regional climate, terrain topography, soil composition, and water resources. This analytical structure directly supports structured academic coursework, scientific research, and practical management applications.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Concepts of Forest Ecology
- • Ecology
- • Landscape Ecosystems
- • LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEM AND COMMUNITY
- • ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- • Examples of Landscape Ecosystems
- • An Approach to the Study of Forest Ecology
- • Applicability to Forest Management
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 2: Landscape Ecosystems at Multiple Scales
- • Overview of Spatial and Temporal Scales
- • Spatial Scales of Hierarchical Landscape Ecosystems
- • CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION
- • PHYSIOGRAPHY
- • Vegetation Types and Biomes
- • Distinguishing and Mapping Landscape Ecosystems at Multiple Spatial Scales
- • REGIONAL LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS
- • Regional Landscape Ecosystems of Michigan
- • Local Landscape Ecosystems
- • LOCAL LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS IN UPPER MICHIGAN
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 3: Forest Tree Variation
- • Components of Phenotypic Variation
- • PLASTICITY OF THE PHENOTYPE
- • Sources of Variation
- • The Evolutionary Sequence
- • SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL SYSTEMS
- • Genetic Diversity of Woody Species
- • Genecology
- • PATTERNS OF GENECOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION
- • FACTORS ELICITING GENECOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION
- • EXAMPLES OF GENECOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION
- • FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFERENTIATION: GENE FLOW AND SELECTION PRESSURE
- • Ecological Considerations at the Species Level
- • NICHE
- • HYBRIDIZATION
- • POLYPLOIDY
- • THE FITNESS–FLEXIBILITY COMPROMISE
- • EPIGENETICS
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 4: Regeneration Ecology
- • Regeneration
- • Sexual Reproduction
- • MATURATION AND THE ABILITY TO FLOWER
- • REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES
- • POLLINATION
- • PERIODICITY OF SEED CROPS
- • EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTION ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH
- • DISPERSAL
- • SEED BANK, DORMANCY, AND GERMINATION
- • Establishment Following Sexual Reproduction
- • POST-ESTABLISHMENT DEVELOPMENT
- • Vegetative Reproduction
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 5: Tree Structure and Growth
- • Tree Form
- • ARCHITECTURAL MODELS
- • Roots
- • KINDS, FORMS, AND OCCURRENCE
- • FINE ROOT RELATIONS
- • HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ROOT DEVELOPMENT
- • PERIODICITY OF PRIMARY ROOT GROWTH
- • ROOT GRAFTING
- • SPECIALIZED ROOTS AND BUTTRESSES
- • Stems
- • XYLEM CELLS AND GROWTH RINGS
- • PERIODICITY AND CONTROL OF SECONDARY GROWTH
- • WINTER FREEZING AND WATER TRANSPORT
- • Water Deficits and Tree Growth
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 6: Light
- • Distribution of Light Reaching the Ecosphere
- • PLANT INTERCEPTION OF RADIATION
- • CANOPY STRUCTURE AND LEAF AREA
- • Light Quality Beneath the Forest Canopy
- • SUNFLECKS
- • Light and Growth of Trees
- • LIGHT AND SEEDLING SURVIVAL AND GROWTH
- • Light and Tree Morphology and Anatomy
- • LIGHT AND EPICORMIC SPROUTING
- • Photocontrol of Plant Response
- • Light and Ecosystem Change
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 7: Temperature
- • Geographical Patterns Of Temperature
- • Temperatures at the Soil Surface
- • Temperature within the Forest
- • Temperature Variation with Local Topography
- • Temperature and Plant Growth
- • COLD INJURY TO PLANTS
- • DORMANCY
- • FROST HARDINESS AND COLD RESISTANCE
- • WINTER CHILLING AND GROWTH RESUMPTION
- • Natural Plant Distributions and Cold Hardiness
- • DECIDUOUSNESS AND TEMPERATURE
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 8: Physiography
- • Concepts And Terms
- • Characteristics of Physiography and their Significance
- • PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING
- • SPECIFIC LANDFORMS
- • ELEVATION
- • FORM OF LANDFORMS
- • PARENT MATERIAL IN RELATION TO LANDFORM
- • POSITION OF LANDFORM IN THE LANDSCAPE
- • Multiple Roles of Physiography
- • Physiographic Diversity, Landscape Ecosystems, and Vegetation
- • MOUNTAINOUS PHYSIOGRAPHY
- • FLATLANDS
- • Physiography and Firebreaks
- • Microlandforms and Microtopography
- • TREE UPROOTING AND PIT-AND-MOUND MICROTOPOGRAPHY
- • MICROTOPOGRAPHY AND REGENERATION IN HARDWOOD SWAMPS
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 9: Soil
- • Parent Material
- • Soil Formation
- • SOIL PROFILE DEVELOPMENT
- • Physical Properties of Soil
- • SOIL TEXTURE
- • SOIL STRUCTURE
- • SOIL COLOR
- • SOIL WATER
- • Chemical Properties of Soil
- • CLAY MINERALOGY
- • CATION EXCHANGE AND THE SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS
- • SOIL ACIDITY
- • SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
- • Soil Classification
- • Landform, Soil, and Forest Vegetation: Landscape Relationships
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 10: Fire
- • Fire and the Forest Tree
- • CAUSES
- • FIRE REGIME
- • FIRE ADAPTATIONS AND KEY CHARACTERISTICS
- • STRATEGIES OF SPECIES PERSISTENCE
- • Fire and the Forest Site
- • INDIRECT EFFECTS
- • DIRECT EFFECTS
- • ORGANIC MATTER AND EROSION
- • BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF FIRE
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 11: Site Quality and Ecosystem Evaluation and Classification
- • Direct Measurement Of Forest Productivity
- • Tree Height as a Measure of Site
- • SITE-INDEX CURVES
- • COMPARISONS BETWEEN SPECIES
- • ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
- • Vegetation as an Indicator of Site Quality
- • SPECIES GROUPS OF GROUND COVER
- • PLANT ASSOCIATIONS AND HABITAT TYPES IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
- • APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF VEGETATION
- • Environmental Factors as a Measure of Site
- • CLIMATIC FACTORS
- • PHYSIOGRAPHIC LAND CLASSIFICATION
- • PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND SOIL FACTORS: SOIL-SITE STUDIES
- • SOIL SURVEYS
- • Multiple-Factor Methods of Site and Ecosystem Classification
- • ECOSYSTEM CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING IN BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG
- • APPLICATIONS OF MULTI-FACTOR METHODS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 12: Animals in Forest Ecosystems
- • Plant Defense
- • INVESTMENT IN PLANT DEFENSE
- • PLANT DEFENSE AGAINST INSECTS
- • PLANT DEFENSE AGAINST MAMMALS
- • Roles of Animals in Plant Life History
- • POLLINATION
- • SEED DISPERSAL
- • GERMINATION AND ESTABLISHMENT
- • DECOMPOSITION, MINERAL CYCLING, AND SOIL IMPROVEMENT
- • DAMAGE AND DEATH
- • Influence of Livestock on Forest Ecosystems
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 13: Forest Communities
- • Community Concept
- • GROUNDING COMMUNITIES
- • View from the Past: Community Concepts
- • SCHOOLS AND TERMINOLOGY
- • CONTINUUM CONCEPT
- • Community as a Landscape Ecosystem Property
- • Examples of Spatial Variation in Forest Communities
- • DISCRETE FOREST COMMUNITIES
- • MERGING FOREST COMMUNITIES
- • Competition and Niche Differentiation
- • Interactions Among Organisms
- • MUTUALISMS IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
- • COMPETITION
- • Understory Tolerance
- • CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDERSTORY-TOLERANT AND -INTOLERANT SPECIES
- • TOLERANCE RATINGS OF TREE SPECIES
- • EXAMPLES OF UNDERSTORY TOLERANCE IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
- • NATURE OF UNDERSTORY TOLERANCE
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 14: Diversity in Forests
- • Concepts Of Biological And Ecosystem Diversity
- • The Value of Species Diversity
- • VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
- • COMMON THREATS TO DIVERSITY
- • Measuring Diversity
- • LEVELS OF DIVERSITY
- • MEASUREMENT
- • DIVERSITY OF LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS
- • EXAMPLES OF DIVERSITY
- • ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
- • Causes of Species Diversity
- • DIVERSITY AT CONTINENTAL AND SUBCONTINENTAL SCALES
- • DIVERSITY AT LOCAL SCALES
- • Focal Species In Conserving Diversity
- • FOUNDATION SPECIES
- • KEYSTONE SPECIES
- • ENDEMICS AND RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES
- • Diversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems
- • BIODIVERSITY–PRODUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIP
- • THE ROLE OF BIODIVERSITY IN ECOSYSTEM STABILITY
- • Forest Management and Diversity
- • EFFECTS OF TRADITIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT ON DIVERSITY
- • PRESERVING DIVERSITY IN MANAGED FORESTS
- • ECOLOGICAL FORESTRY: INCORPORATING BIODIVERSITY INTO FOREST MANAGEMENT
- • Epilog: Conserving Ecosystem and Biological Diversity
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 15: Long-Term Forest Ecosystem and Vegetation Change
- • Change Before the Pleistocene Age
- • Pleistocene Glaciations
- • Ecosystem and Vegetational Change Since the Last Glacial Maximum
- • EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
- • WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
- • Patterns of Tree Genera and Species Migrations
- • MIGRATION IRREGULARITIES AND DISTURBANCE
- • MIGRATION FROM GLACIAL MICROREFUGIA
- • Independent Migration and Similarity of Communities Through Time
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 16: Disturbance
- • Concepts of Disturbance
- • DEFINING A DISTURBANCE
- • DISTURBANCE AS AN ECOSYSTEM PROCESS
- • SOURCEs OF DISTURBANCE
- • Major Disturbances in Forest Ecosystems
- • FIRE
- • WIND
- • FLOODWATER AND ICE STORMS
- • INSECTS AND DISEASE
- • CATASTROPHIC AND LOCAL LAND MOVEMENTS
- • LOGGING
- • LAND CLEARING
- • DISTURBANCE INTERACTIONS
- • Biotic Composition Changes
- • ELIMINATION OF SPECIES
- • ADDITION OF SPECIES
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 17: Forest Succession
- • Basic Concepts of Succession
- • PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUCCESSION
- • BIOLOGICAL LEGACIES
- • SUCCESSIONAL PATHWAYS, MECHANISMS, AND MODELS
- • AUTOGENIC AND ALLOGENIC SUCCESSION
- • HOW IS SUCCESSION DETERMINED?
- • Evolution of the Concept of Forest Succession
- • FORMAL ECOLOGICAL THEORY
- • How Does Succession Work?
- • CLEMENTSIAN SUCCESSION
- • STAGES OF SUCCESSION
- • SUCCESSIONAL CAUSES, MECHANISMS, AND MODELS
- • Change in Ecosystems
- • END POINT OF SUCCESSION?
- • Succession as an Ecosystem Process
- • Examples of Forest Succession
- • PRIMARY SUCCESSION ON RECENTLY DEGLACIATED TERRAIN
- • SUCCESSION FOLLOWING THE ERUPTION OF MOUNT ST. HELENS
- • SECONDARY SUCCESSION FOLLOWING FIRE IN PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS OF WESTERN MONTANA
- • SECONDARY SUCCESSION AND GAP DYNAMICS
- • FIRE AND OAK DOMINANCE—OAKS AT RISK
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 18: Carbon Balance of Trees and Ecosystems
- • Carbon Balance of Trees
- • PHOTOSYNTHESIS, DARK RESPIRATION, AND LEAF C GAIN
- • LIGHT AND LEAF C GAIN
- • TEMPERATURE AND LEAF C GAIN
- • WATER AND LEAF C GAIN
- • SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY AND LEAF C GAIN
- • CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION
- • ALLOCATION TO STRUCTURE, STORAGE, AND DEFENSE
- • LIGHT AND C ALLOCATION
- • SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY AND C ALLOCATION
- • Carbon Balance of Ecosystems
- • BIOMASS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
- • MEASUREMENT OF BIOMASS AND PRODUCTIVITY
- • CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIVITY
- • SOIL PROPERTIES, FOREST BIOMASS, AND ANPP
- • BIOMASS ACCUMULATION DURING ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
- • Soil N Availability and Belowground Net Primary Productivity
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 19: Nutrient Cycling
- • Nutrient Additions to Forest Ecosystems
- • MINERAL WEATHERING
- • ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION
- • BIOLOGICAL FIXATION OF NITROGEN
- • Nutrient Cycling within Forest Ecosystems
- • NUTRIENT TRANSPORT TO ROOTS
- • NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION BY ROOTS
- • ROOT ARCHITECTURE, MYCORRHIZAE, AND NUTRIENT ACQUISITION
- • PLANT LITTER AND THE RETURN OF NUTRIENTS TO FOREST FLOOR AND SOIL
- • NUTRIENTS IN THE FOREST FLOOR
- • ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT MINERALIZATION
- • Nutrient Loss From Forest Ecosystems
- • NUTRIENT LEACHING FROM FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
- • DENITRIFICATION
- • The Cycling and Storage of Nutrients in Forest Ecosystems
- • NUTRIENT STORAGE IN BOREAL, TEMPERATE, AND TROPICAL FORESTS
- • THE NITROGEN AND CALCIUM CYCLE OF A TEMPERATE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
- • Ecosystem C Balance and the Retention and Loss of Nutrients
- • Forest Harvesting and Nutrient Loss
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 20: Climate Change and Forest Ecosystems
- • Climate Change Concepts
- • EFFECTS ON TEMPERATURE
- • EFFECTS ON PRECIPITATION
- • Climate Change Effects on the Forest Tree
- • TREE GROWTH AND MORTALITY
- • PHENOLOGY
- • REGENERATION
- • Climate Change Effects on Tree Species Distributions
- • OBSERVED RANGE SHIFTS
- • PROJECTED CHANGES IN TREE SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS
- • PROJECTED CHANGES IN FOREST TYPE DISTRIBUTIONS
- • Climate Change Effects on Forest Disturbances
- • FIRES
- • INSECTS AND PATHOGENS
- • WIND
- • Climate Change Effects on Forest Carbon
- • CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON CARBON GAIN: PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
- • CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON CARBON LOSS: HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION
- • FEEDBACKs AMONG DISTURBANCE, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND CARBON IN FORESTS
- • Adapting to Climate Change Effects on Forests
- • ASSISTED MIGRATION
- • REFUGIA
- • FOREST CARBON MANAGEMENT
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 21: Invasive Species in Forest Ecosystems
- • Concepts Of Invasive Species
- • DEFINITION OF INVASIVE SPECIES
- • CHARACTERISTIC TRAITS OF INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES
- • NON-PLANT INVASIVE SPECIES IN FORESTS
- • Impacts Of Invasive Species On Forests
- • IMPACTS OF INVASIVE PLANTS ON FORESTS
- • IMPACTS OF INVASIVE INSECTS AND PATHOGENS ON FORESTS
- • IMPACTS OF INVASIVE ANIMALS ON FORESTS
- • A Primer Of Invasive Species Management In Forests
- • EARLY INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
- • MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR ESTABLISHED INVASIVE SPECIES
- • NOVEL ECOSYSTEMS AND INVASIVE SPECIES
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 22: Forest Landscape Ecology
- • Concepts Of Landscape Ecology
- • Forest Fragmentation And Connectivity
- • PATCHES IN FOREST ECOLOGY
- • FOREST FRAGMENTATION
- • Ecological Effects
- • CONNECTIVITY
- • Disturbances On Landscapes
- • EFFECTS OF HETEROGENEITY ON DISTURBANCES
- • EFFECTS OF DISTURBANCES ON HETEROGENEITY
- • HISTORICAL RANGE OF VARIABILITY
- • Interactions Of Landscape Patterns And Ecological Processes
- • LEAF AREA AND PRODUCTIVITY
- • FOREST CARBON DYNAMICS
- • NUTRIENT DYNAMICS
- • Suggested Readings
Chapter 23: Sustainability of Forest Ecosystems
- • Concepts of Sustainability
- • THE PREVALENCE OF HUMAN VALUES IN FOREST ECOLOGY
- • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SUSTAINABILITY IN FORESTS
- • ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
- • TOWARD A DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABILITY
- • Where Do We Go From Here?
- • EPILOG: EARTH AS A METAPHOR FOR LIFE
- • Suggested Readings
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▶Research Sources (13)
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