Ozonation-Based Treatment of Water and Wastewater

Chapter 1: Water and wastewater: A global perspective

• • 1.1 Introduction
• • 1.2 Temporal and spatial variation of water resources across the globe
• • 1.3 Water resource management
• • 1.3.1 Pollution-prevention strategy
• • 1.3.2 Preservation strategy
• • 1.3.3 Purification strategy
• • 1.4 Major sources of water and wastewater pollution
• • 1.4.1 Ground water and surface water
• • 1.4.2 Sewage and domestic waste
• • 1.4.3 Industrial effluents and agricultural waste
• • 1.4 Quality characteristics of water and wastewater
• • 1.4.1 Physical characteristics
• • 1.4.1.1 Turbidity and color
• • 1.4.1.2 Taste and odor
• • 1.4.2 Chemical characteristics
• • 1.4.2.1 Alkalinity and hardness
• • 1.4.2.3 Organic and inorganic substances
• • 1.4.3 Biological characteristics
• • 1.4.3.1 Bacteria and viruses
• • 1.4.3.2 Protozoa and worms
• • 1.5 Safe drinking water and clean water legislations
• • 1.6 Challenges and possible solutions
• • 1.7 Conclusion

Chapter 2: Conventional treatment processes for water and wastewater

• • 2.1 Introduction
• • 2.2 Water-quality standards and sources
• • 2.2.1 Drinking water standards
• • 2.2.2 Industrial discharge standards
• • 2.3 Classification of conventional treatment techniques
• • 2.3.1 Physical treatment
• • 2.3.1.1 Evaporation
• • 2.3.1.2 Activated carbon/alumina
• • 2.3.1.3 Membrane separation
• • 2.3.2 Chemical treatment
• • 2.3.2.1 Chlorination
• • 2.3.2.2 Ion exchange/sorption
• • 2.3.2.3 Chemical coagulation/flocculation
• • 2.3.3 Biological treatment
• • 2.3.3.1 Biological contact oxidation
• • 2.3.3.2 Moving bed biofilm reactor
• • 2.3.3.3 Aerobic and anaerobic digestion
• • 2.4 Drawbacks associated with each of the conventional treatment techniques
• • 2.5 Paradigm shift from conventional to advanced oxidation process
• • 2.6 Challenges and future research scope
• • 2.7 Conclusion

Chapter 3: Ozonation process: Fundamentals and mechanism

• • 3.1 Introduction
• • 3.2 Historical timeline and theoretical background of ozone
• • 3.3 Reaction mechanism of ozonation process
• • 3.3.1 Direct reaction mechanism
• • 3.3.2 Indirect reaction mechanism
• • 3.4 Physical and chemical properties of ozone
• • 3.4.1 Ozone solubility in water
• • 3.4.2 Ozone decay measurement
• • 3.4.3 Stability of ozone solutions
• • 3.4.4 Reduction potentials of in-situ generated oxygen species
• • 3.5 Ozone reaction with various functional groups of micropollutants
• • 3.5.1 Olefins
• • 3.5.2 Aliphatic amines
• • 3.5.3 Aromatic compounds
• • 3.5.4 Heterocyclic compounds
• • 3.5.5 Organosulfur compounds
• • 3.6 Factors affecting the ozonation process
• • 3.6.1 Ozone doses
• • 3.6.2 Solution pH
• • 3.6.3 Initial concentration
• • 3.6.4 Reaction time and temperature
• • 3.7 Challenges and future prospects
• • 3.8 Conclusion

Chapter 4: Advancements in ozone nano bubble technology

• • 4.1 Introduction
• • 4.2 Conventional ozone disinfection and its limitations
• • 4.3 Current status on ozone nano bubbles
• • 4.3.1 Fundamentals of nano bubbles
• • 4.3.2 Generation methods of nano bubbles
• • 4.3.3 Size determination of nano bubbles
• • 4.4 Properties of ozone nano bubbles
• • 4.4.1 Long residence time
• • 4.4.2 Enhanced reactivity
• • 4.4.3 High oxidative potential
• • 4.4.4 Miniature size and high efficiency for mass transfer
• • 4.4.5 High negative zeta potential and hydrophobicity
• • 4.5 Applications of ozone nano bubbles in various fields
• • 4.5.1 Drinking water
• • 4.5.2 Irrigation water
• • 4.5.3 Ground water
• • 4.5.4 Aquaculture systems
• • 4.5.5 Hospital wastewater
• • 4.5.6 Municipal wastewater
• • 4.5.7 Industrial wastewater
• • 4.6 Challenges and future recommendations
• • 4.7 Conclusion

Chapter 5: Mass transfer and mathematical modelling of ozonation process

• • 5.1 Introduction
• • 5.2 Theory of mass transfer between one and two phases
• • 5.3 Parameters effecting mass transfer of ozone
• • 5.3.1 Simultaneous chemical reactions
• • 5.3.2 Correction factor for water composition
• • 5.3.3 Change in surface tension and bubble coalescence
• • 5.4 Determination of mass transfer coefficients
• • 5.4.1 Equilibrium Concentration
• • 5.4.2 Steady state methods
• • 5.4.3 Non-steady state methods
• • 5.5 Modelling of ozone
• • 5.5.1 Chemical model of ozonation
• • 5.5.2 Mathematical model of ozonation
• • 5.6 Modelling of water and wastewater oxidation
• • 5.6.1 Determination of hydroxyl-radical concentration
• • 5.6.1.1 Indirect measurement
• • 5.6.1.2 Complete radical chain-reaction
• • 5.6.1.3 Empirical Selectivity for Scavengers
• • 5.6.1.4 Semi-empirical method based on observed hydroxyl radical rate
• • 5.6.2 Determination of reaction order and rate constants
• • 5.7 Challenges and possible solutions
• • 5.8 Conclusion

Chapter 6: Ozonation process for water and wastewater treatment

• • 6.1 Introduction
• • 6.2 Classification of emerging contaminants in drinking water and wastewater
• • 6.3 Significance of different phases during ozonation process
• • 6.3.1 Liquid phase
• • 6.3.2 Gaseous phase
• • 6.3.3 Solid phase
• • 6.4 Reaction kinetics of ozone
• • 6.4.1 Slow and fast kinetic regime
• • 6.4.2 Batch and flow reactor kinetics
• • 6.4.3 Ozone decomposition reactions
• • 6.4.4 Effect of water phase and gas flows
• • 6.5 Ozone disinfection in drinking water and wastewater
• • 6.5.1 Drinking water
• • 6.5.1.1 From microbial disinfection to oxidation
• • 6.5.1.2 Disinfection by-products formation and mitigation
• • 6.5.1.3 Small-scale technique for household applications in drinking water
• • 6.5.2 Wastewater
• • 6.5.2.1 Pathogen inactivation for water reuse
• • 6.5.2.2 Disinfection of micropollutants for safe discharge into water bodies
• • 6.6 Challenges and future perspectives
• • 6.7 Conclusion

Chapter 7: Hybrid ozone-based oxidation of water and wastewater

• • 7.1 Introduction
• • 7.2 Potential of ozone-based oxidation for the removal of emerging contaminants
• • 7.3 Classification of hybrid ozonation processes
• • 7.3.1 Ozone assisted electrocoagulation process
• • 7.3.2 Ozone assisted hydrogen peroxide
• • 7.3.3 Ozone assisted UV radiation
• • 7.3.4 Ozone assisted sonication process
• • 7.3.5 Catalytic ozonation
• • 7.3.5.1 Homogenous catalytic ozonation
• • 7.3.5.2 Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation
• • 7.3.6 Photo-catalytic ozonation
• • 7.3.7 Nano-catalyzed ozonation
• • 7.3.8 Ozone assisted activated carbon
• • 7.3.9 Ozone assisted membrane process
• • 7.3.10 Ozone assisted electrical discharge plasma
• • 7.4 Scaling up of the hybrid ozonation processes
• • 7.5 Energy consumption of ozone-based oxidation processes
• • 7.6 Constraints and future recommendations
• • 7.7 Conclusion

Chapter 8: Disinfection and by-products formation during ozonation

• • 8.1 Introduction
• • 8.2 Disinfection strategy during ozonation
• • 8.2.1 Effect of molecular ozone (O3)
• • 8.2.2 Effect of hydroxyl radicals (OH)
• • 8.3 Formation of disinfection by-products and mitigation strategies
• • 8.3.1 By-product formation in presence of bromide
• • 8.3.1.1 Occurrence of bromide and bromate in ozonation plants
• • 8.3.1.2 Bromate formation during oxidation of bromide-containing water
• • 8.3.1.3 Bromate formation during oxidation of micropollutants
• • 8.3.1.4 Bromo-organic compounds
• • 8.3.1.5 Approaches for bromate mitigation
• • 8.3.2 By-product formation in absence of bromide
• • 8.3.3 By-product formation in iodide-containing waters
• • 8.3.4 By-product formation in sulfur-containing waters
• • 8.3.5 Chlorine derived by-products
• • 8.3.6 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation
• • 8.4 Toxicity analysis and water quality parameters
• • 8.5 Challenges and possible solutions
• • 8.6 Conclusion

Chapter 9: Case studies on ozone-based oxidation of water and wastewater

• • 9.1 Introduction
• • 9.2 Advances in batch and continuous ozone-based oxidation reactors
• • 9.3 Real life applications of ozone-based treatment processes
• • 9.3.1 Ozone-based treatment of drinking water: Case studies
• • 9.3.1.1 Ozone assisted hydrogen peroxide for the treatment of drinking water and raw groundwater
• • 9.3.1.2 Treatment of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in drinking water by ozone assisted peroxide process
• • 9.3.1.3 Hybrid ozone-activated carbon treatment for the degradation of emerging contaminants from drinking water
• • 9.3.1.4 Ozone assisted membrane filtration process for the treatment of drinking water
• • 9.3.1.5 Hybrid ozone-UV irradiation for the removal of synthetic musks during the treatment of drinking water
• • 9.3.2 Ozone-based treatment of wastewater: Case studies
• • 9.3.2.1 Treatment of veterinary pharmaceutical wastewater by hybrid catalytic ozonation-electroflocculation process
• • 9.3.2.2 Ozone assisted peroxi-coagulation process for the treatment of coal chemical industry wastewater
• • 9.3.2.3 Hybrid electrocatalytic ozonation treatment of simulated high-salinity carbamazepine wastewater
• • 9.3.2.4 Treatment of municipal reverse osmosis concentrate by hybrid ozonation-membrane aerated biofilm reactor
• • 9.3.2.5 Hybrid ozone-electrocoagulation process for the treatment of distillery industry wastewater
• • 9.3.2.6 Treatment of petroleum industry wastewater by heterogeneous catalytic ozonation using Mn-Fe-Cu/Al2O3 catalyst
• • 9.4 Comparison of ozone-based treatment with conventional processes
• • 9.5 Challenges and future perspectives
• • 9.6 Conclusion

Chapter 10: Techno-economic assessment of ozonation systems

• • 10.1 Introduction
• • 10.2 Cost estimation of ozonation systems
• • 10.2.1 Estimation of capital costs
• • 10.2.2 Estimation of operation and maintenance costs
• • 10.3 Effect of ozonation systems on capital cost
• • 10.3.1 Ozone requirement
• • 10.3.2 System size and housing
• • 10.3.3 Degree of automation
• • 10.3.4 Power availability to the site
• • 10.4 Effect of ozonation systems on operation and maintenance cost
• • 10.4.1 Feed gas stream
• • 10.4.2 Ozone generators
• • 10.4.3 Dissolution systems
• • 10.4.4 Destruction of ozone containing offgas
• • 10.5 Other cost considerations
• • 10.5.1 Training of personals during equipment set-up
• • 10.5.2 Safety considerations
• • 10.6 Challenges and future recommendations
• • 10.7 Conclusion