Sustainable Water Systems

Chapter 1: Natural Wetland Systems

• • 1.1 Hydraulics, Water Quality and Vegetation Characteristics of Ditches
• • 1.1.1 Introduction
• • 1.1.2 Experimental
• • 1.1.3 Results
• • 1.1.3.1 Characteristics of Open Ditches
• • 1.1.3.2 Water Quality and Vegetation
• • 1.1.4 Discussion
• • 1.1.4.1 Watercourse Classification
• • 1.1.4.2 Total Roughness and Summer Flooding
• • 1.1.4.3 Water Quality Influenced by Vegetation
• • 1.1.5 Conclusions
• • 1.2 Planted Soil Infiltration Systems for Treatment of Log Yard Runoff
• • 1.2.1 Introduction
• • 1.2.2 Experimental Setup and Methodology
• • 1.2.3 Results and Discussion
• • 1.2.3.1 Log yard Runoff Compared with Drainage Water
• • 1.2.3.2 Comparison of Drainage Waters
• • 1.2.3.3 Comparison of Treatment Efficiencies
• • 1.2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
• • 1.3 Anthropogenic Land Use Change Impacts on Nutrient Concentrations in Waterbodies
• • 1.3.1 Introduction
• • 1.3.2 Land Use Changes and Surface Water Quality
• • 1.3.2.1 Investigations
• • 1.3.2.2 Key Variables
• • 1.3.2.3 Modelling Outcomes
• • 1.3.3 Proposals for Water Quality Conservation
• • 1.3.4 Conclusions and Outlook
• • 1.4 Peatland Response to Climate Change and Water Level Management
• • 1.4.1 Introduction
• • 1.4.2 Materials and Methods
• • 1.4.2.1 Mesocosm Experiments
• • 1.4.2.2 Climate Scenario Simulations
• • 1.4.2.3 Water-level Management
• • 1.4.2.4 Flux Measurements
• • 1.4.2.5 Plant Analysis
• • 1.4.2.6 Statistical Analysis
• • 1.4.3 Results
• • 1.4.3.1 Climate Variables Under Different Scenarios
• • 1.4.3.2 Climate, Water Level and Respiration
• • 1.4.3.3 Climate Change, Water Level and Plant Distribution
• • 1.4.4 Discussion
• • 1.4.4.1 Interactions
• • 1.4.4.2 Effect of Climate on the Carbon Sink Function of Unmanaged Mesocosms
• • 1.4.4.3 Impact of Drought on the Carbon Sink Function of Unmanaged Mesocosms
• • 1.4.4.4 Interactive Effects on the Carbon Sink Function of Managed Mesocosms
• • 1.4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
• • References

Chapter 2: Urban Water and Sustainable Drainage Systems

• • 2.1 Full Silt Traps Discharging into Watercourses
• • 2.1.1 Introduction
• • 2.1.2 Study Site, Materials and Methods
• • 2.1.3 Results and Discussion
• • 2.1.3.1 Water and Sediment Quality of the Silt Trap
• • 2.1.3.2 Water Quality of the Full Silt Trap During Dry- and Wet-Weather Flow
• • 2.1.3.3 Water Quality of the Receiving Watercourse
• • 2.1.4 Conclusions
• • 2.2 Filter Media, Plant Communities and Microbiology within Constructed Wetlands
• • 2.2.1 Introduction
• • 2.2.2 Materials and Methods
• • 2.2.2.1 Environmental Conditions and Operation
• • 2.2.2.2 Filter Media Composition
• • 2.2.2.3 Analytical Procedures
• • 2.2.2.4 Micro-biological and Plant Examinations
• • 2.2.3 Results and Discussion
• • 2.2.3.1 Filter Media Costs
• • 2.2.3.2 Comparison of Treatment Efficiencies
• • 2.2.3.3 Metal Analysis
• • 2.2.3.4 Water Quality and Micro-biology
• • 2.2.4 Conclusions
• • 2.3 Vertical Subsurface Flow-Constructed Wetlands with Different Substrates
• • 2.3.1 Introduction
• • 2.3.2 Materials and Methods
• • 2.3.3 Results and Discussion
• • 2.3.3.1 Adsorption Isotherm Experiments
• • 2.3.3.2 Column Experiments
• • 2.3.4 Conclusions
• • 2.4 Treatment of Gully Pot Effluent with Constructed Wetlands
• • 2.4.1 Introduction
• • 2.4.2 Materials and Methods
• • 2.4.2.1 Study Site and Filter Media Composition
• • 2.4.2.2 Environmental Conditions and Operation
• • 2.4.2.3 Metal and Other Variable Determinations
• • 2.4.3 Results
• • 2.4.4 Discussion
• • 2.4.4.1 Performance Comparison
• • 2.4.4.2 Constructed Wetlands, Sustainability and Filterability
• • 2.4.4.3 Alternative Treatment
• • 2.4.5 Conclusions and Further Research
• • 2.5 Wetland and Dry Pond System
• • 2.5.1 Introduction
• • 2.5.2 Case Study and Methodology
• • 2.5.3 Results and Discussion
• • 2.5.3.1 Water Quality
• • 2.5.3.2 Capacity of the System
• • 2.5.3.3 Economics
• • 2.5.3.4 Risk of Flooding and Infiltration
• • 2.5.3.5 Sustainable Water Industry Asset Resource Decisions Analysis
• • 2.5.4 Conclusions
• • 2.6 Permeable Pavement and Ground Source Heating Pump Systems
• • 2.6.1 Introduction
• • 2.6.2 Methodology
• • 2.6.2.1 Environmental Conditions
• • 2.6.2.2 Components of Rigs
• • 2.6.2.3 Operational Conditions
• • 2.6.2.4 Water Quality
• • 2.6.3 Results and Discussion
• • 2.6.3.1 Water Quality
• • 2.6.3.2 Prevention of Water-related Diseases
• • 2.6.3.3 Influence of Temperature
• • 2.6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
• • 2.7 Permeable Pavement and Photocatalytic Titanium Dioxide Oxidation System
• • 2.7.1 Introduction
• • 2.7.2 Materials and Methods
• • 2.7.2.1 Permeable Pavement Engineering
• • 2.7.2.2 Photocatalytic Processes with Titanium Dioxide
• • 2.7.2.3 Experimental Permeable Pavement Set-up
• • 2.7.2.4 Experimental Set-up of the Photochemical Experiments
• • 2.7.2.5 Analytical and Microbiological Procedures
• • 2.7.2.6 Photocatalytic Disinfection Model
• • 2.7.3 Results and Discussion
• • 2.7.3.1 Permeable Pavement Contaminant Removal Efficiency
• • 2.7.3.2 Microbial Photochemical Deactivation
• • 2.7.4 Conclusions
• • 2.8 Refurbishment and Improvement of Screen Systems for Flood Control and Water Protection
• • 2.8.1 Introduction and Background
• • 2.8.1.1 Local Flooding Due to Heavy Rain
• • 2.8.1.2 Existing Screen Systems
• • 2.8.1.3 Screen Maintenance
• • 2.8.1.4 Screen Design
• • 2.8.1.5 Automated Screens
• • 2.8.1.6 Supporting Structures
• • 2.8.1.7 Objectives
• • 2.8.2 Methodology
• • 2.8.2.1 Locality
• • 2.8.2.2 Digital Recording and Geo-systems
• • 2.8.2.3 Inspection of the Locality
• • 2.8.2.4 Follow-up and Analysis
• • 2.8.2.5 Measures of Prioritisation
• • 2.8.3 Results and Discussions
• • 2.8.3.1 Characteristics of Screen Systems
• • 2.8.3.2 Screen System Maintenance
• • 2.8.3.3 Recommendations for Action
• • 2.8.4 Conclusions and Outlook
• • References

Chapter 3: Sustainable Flood Retention Basins including Integrated Constructed Wetlands

• • 3.1 Sustainable Flood Retention Basin Management
• • 3.1.1 Introduction
• • 3.1.2 Methodology
• • 3.1.2.1 Data
• • 3.1.2.2 Variograms
• • 3.1.2.3 Kriging
• • 3.1.3 Results and Discussion
• • 3.1.3.1 Findings Based on Ordinary Kriging
• • 3.1.3.2 Findings Based on Disjunctive Kriging
• • 3.1.3.3 Consequences for Flood Risk Management
• • 3.1.4 Conclusions
• • 3.2 Nutrient Release from Integrated Constructed Wetland Sediment
• • 3.2.1 Introduction
• • 3.2.2 Materials and Methods
• • 3.2.2.1 Site and Experimental Set-up
• • 3.2.2.2 Sampling and Analytical Methods
• • 3.2.3 Results and Discussion
• • 3.2.3.1 Comparison of Treatment Performances
• • 3.2.3.2 Vegetation
• • 3.2.3.3 Groundwater Contamination
• • 3.2.3.4 Sediment Management
• • 3.2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
• • 3.3 Groundwater Quality Impacts from an Integrated Constructed Wetland
• • 3.3.1 Introduction
• • 3.3.2 Materials and Methods
• • 3.3.2.1 Study Site Description
• • 3.3.2.2 Monitoring Wells and Groundwater Sampling
• • 3.3.2.3 Monitoring and Analysis
• • 3.3.2.4 Statistical Analyses
• • 3.3.3 Results and Discussion
• • 3.3.3.1 Piezometer Hydrographs and Seasonal Fluctuations
• • 3.3.3.2 Contaminant Concentrations in Groundwater
• • 3.3.3.3 Factors Influencing the Variability in Groundwater Quality
• • 3.3.4 Conclusions
• • References

Chapter 4: Water and Wastewater Treatment Technology and Modelling

• • 4.1 Biological Activated Carbon Beds
• • 4.1.1 Introduction
• • 4.1.2 Materials and Methods
• • 4.1.3 Results and Discussion
• • 4.1.3.1 Biomass Growth Monitoring and Control
• • 4.1.3.2 Biological Indicator Significance
• • 4.1.3.3 Spreadsheet Modelling of Filter Effluents
• • 4.1.4 Conclusions
• • 4.2 Constructed Wetlands Treating Sewage
• • 4.2.1 Introduction
• • 4.2.2 Case Studies and Methods
• • 4.2.2.1 Description of Wetland Systems
• • 4.2.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring and Limitations
• • 4.2.3 Results and Discussion
• • 4.2.3.1 Water Quality and Performance Efficiency
• • 4.2.3.2 Seasonal Variations and Wetland Aging
• • 4.2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
• • 4.3 Neural Network Simulation of the Chemical Oxygen Demand Reduction
• • 4.3.1 Introduction
• • 4.3.2 Materials and Methods
• • 4.3.2.1 Source of Data
• • 4.3.2.2 Neural Network Model
• • 4.3.3 Results and Discussion
• • 4.3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
• • References

Chapter 5: Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Modelling

• • 5.1 Membrane Bioreactors and Constructed Wetlands Treating Rendering Wastewater
• • 5.1.1 Introduction
• • 5.1.2 Materials and Methods
• • 5.1.2.1 Industrial Rendering Plant
• • 5.1.2.2 Constructed Wetland
• • 5.1.2.3 Membrane Bioreactor
• • 5.1.2.4 Water Quality Analysis
• • 5.1.3 Results and Discussion
• • 5.1.3.1 Water Quality of the Dissolved Air Flotation Plant
• • 5.1.3.2 Water Quality of the Membrane Bioreactor
• • 5.1.3.3 Water Quality of the Constructed Wetland
• • 5.1.3.4 Comparison of Treatment Performances
• • 5.1.3.5 Water Quality Variability of the Membrane Bioreactor
• • 5.1.3.6 Sampling Optimisation
• • 5.1.4 Conclusions
• • 5.2 Benzene Removal with Constructed Treatment Wetlands
• • 5.2.1 Introduction
• • 5.2.1.1 Constructed Treatment Wetlands
• • 5.2.1.2 Benzene Removal
• • 5.2.1.3 Aim and Objectives
• • 5.2.2 Materials and Methods
• • 5.2.2.1 System Design and Operation
• • 5.2.2.2 Biodegradation and Volatilisation
• • 5.2.3 Results and Discussion
• • 5.2.3.1 Treatment Performance
• • 5.2.3.2 Impact of Volatilisation
• • 5.2.4 Conclusions
• • 5.3 Diesel Oil Spillage Removal Using Agricultural Waste Products
• • 5.3.1 Introduction
• • 5.3.2 Materials and Methods
• • 5.3.2.1 Materials
• • 5.3.2.2 Methods
• • 5.3.3 Results and Discussion
• • 5.3.3.1 Sorption Capacity of the Agricultural Wastes
• • 5.3.3.2 Floating Performance of the Wastes
• • 5.3.3.3 Orthogonal Design
• • 5.3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
• • 5.4 Kohonen Self-Organising Map to Predict Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• • 5.4.1 Introduction
• • 5.4.2 Literature Review
• • 5.4.3 Methodology
• • 5.4.4 Case Study