Electrical Power System Essentials

Chapter 1: Introduction to Power System Analysis

• • 1.1 Introduction
• • 1.2 Scope of the Material
• • 1.3 General Characteristics of Power Systems
• • 1.3.1 AC Versus DC Systems
• • 1.3.1.1 Shape of the Alternating Voltage
• • 1.3.1.2 Sinusoidal Alternating Voltage
• • 1.3.2 50 and 60 Hz Frequency
• • 1.3.3 Balanced Three-phase Systems
• • 1.3.3.1 Power Considerations
• • 1.3.3.2 Rotating Magnetic Field
• • 1.3.4 Voltage Levels
• • 1.3.4.1 Line-to-line and Line-to-neutral Voltages
• • 1.4 Phasors
• • 1.4.1 Network Elements in the Phasor Domain
• • 1.4.2 Calculations in the Phasor Domain
• • 1.5 Equivalent Line-to-neutral Diagrams
• • 1.6 Power in Single-phase Circuits
• • 1.6.1 Active and Reactive Power
• • 1.6.2 Complex Power
• • 1.6.3 Power Factor
• • 1.7 Power in Three-phase Circuits
• • 1.8 Per-unit Normalization
• • 1.9 Power System Structure
• • Problems
• • References

Chapter 2: Generation of Electric Energy

• • 2.1 Introduction
• • 2.2 Thermal Power Plants
• • 2.2.1 The Principles of Thermodynamics
• • 2.3 Nuclear Power Plants
• • 2.3.1 Nuclear Fission
• • 2.3.2 Nuclear Fusion
• • 2.4 Renewable Energy
• • 2.4.1 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Concepts
• • 2.4.2 Hydropower and Pumped Storage
• • 2.4.3 Solar Power
• • 2.4.4 Geothermal Power
• • 2.5 The Synchronous Machine
• • Problems
• • References

Chapter 3: The Transmission of Electric Energy

• • 3.1 Introduction
• • 3.2 Transmission and Distribution Network
• • 3.3 Network Structures
• • 3.4 Substations
• • 3.5 Substation Concepts
• • 3.5.1 Single Bus System
• • 3.5.2 Double Bus System
• • 3.5.3 Polygon Bus System
• • 3.5.4 One-and-a-half Circuit Breaker Concept
• • 3.6 Protection of Transmission and Distribution Networks
• • 3.6.1 Protective Relay Operating Principles
• • 3.6.2 Fuses
• • 3.6.3 Circuit Breakers
• • 3.6.4 The Switching Arc
• • 3.6.5 Oil Circuit Breakers
• • 3.6.6 Air-blast Circuit Breakers
• • 3.6.7 SF 6 Circuit Breakers
• • 3.6.8 Vacuum Circuit Breakers
• • 3.6.9 dc Circuit Breakers
• • 3.6.9.1 Active commutation
• • 3.6.9.2 Passive commutation
• • 3.6.9.3 Hybrid technology
• • 3.7 Surge Arresters
• • 3.8 Transformers
• • 3.8.1 Phase Shifts in Three-phase Transformers
• • 3.8.2 The Magnetizing Current
• • 3.8.3 Transformer Inrush Current
• • 3.8.4 Open-circuit and Short-circuit Tests
• • 3.9 Power Carriers
• • 3.9.1 Overhead Transmission Lines
• • 3.9.1.1 Insulators
• • 3.9.1.2 Bundled conductors
• • 3.9.1.3 Galloping lines
• • 3.9.1.4 Ground Wires or Shield Wires
• • 3.9.1.5 Transposition
• • 3.9.2 Underground Cables
• • 3.9.2.1 Plastic insulation
• • 3.9.2.2 Paper–oil insulation
• • 3.9.3 Gas-insulated Transmission Lines
• • 3.10 SF 6 Alternatives
• • 3.11 High-voltage Direct Current Transmission
• • 3.11.1 From AC to dc
• • Problems
• • References

Chapter 4: The Utilization of Electric Energy

• • 4.1 Introduction
• • 4.2 Types of Load
• • 4.2.1 Mechanical Energy
• • 4.2.1.1 Synchronous Motors
• • 4.2.1.2 Induction Motors
• • 4.2.2 Light
• • 4.2.3 Heat
• • 4.2.4 dc Electrical Energy
• • 4.2.5 Chemical Energy
• • 4.3 Classification of Grid Users
• • 4.3.1 Residential Loads
• • 4.3.2 Commercial and Industrial Loads
• • 4.3.3 Electric Railways
• • Problems
• • Reference

Chapter 5: Power System Control

• • 5.1 Introduction
• • 5.2 Basics of Power System Control
• • 5.3 Active Power and Frequency Control
• • 5.3.1 Primary Control
• • 5.3.2 Secondary Control or Load Frequency Control
• • 5.4 Voltage Control and Reactive Power
• • 5.4.1 Generator Control (Automatic Voltage Regulator)
• • 5.4.2 Tap-changing Transformers
• • 5.4.3 Reactive Power Injection
• • 5.4.3.1 Static Shunt Capacitors and Reactors
• • 5.4.3.2 Synchronous Compensators
• • 5.4.3.3 Static Var Compensator
• • 5.4.3.4 Static Synchronous Compensator
• • 5.5 Control of Transported Power
• • 5.5.1 Controlling Active Power Flows
• • 5.5.1.1 The Phase Shifter
• • 5.5.2 Controlling Reactive Power Flows
• • 5.5.2.1 Static Series Capacitors
• • 5.5.2.2 Thyristor-controlled Series Capacitor
• • 5.5.2.3 Static Synchronous Series Compensator
• • 5.5.3 Unified Power Flow Controller
• • 5.6 Flexible AC Transmission Systems
• • Problems
• • References

Chapter 6: Energy Management Systems

• • 6.1 Introduction
• • 6.2 Load Flow or Power Flow Computation
• • 6.2.1 Load Flow Equations
• • 6.2.2 General Scheme of the Newton–Raphson Load Flow
• • 6.2.3 Decoupled Load Flow
• • 6.2.4 dc Load Flow
• • 6.2.4.1 Active Power Equations
• • 6.2.4.2 Reactive Power Equations
• • 6.3 Optimal Power Flow
• • 6.4 State Estimator
• • 6.4.1 General Scheme of the State Estimator
• • 6.4.2 Bad Data Analysis
• • Problems
• • References

Chapter 7: Electricity Markets

• • 7.1 Introduction
• • 7.2 Electricity Market Structure
• • 7.2.1 Transmission and Distribution
• • 7.2.2 Market Architecture
• • 7.3 Market Clearing
• • 7.4 Social Welfare
• • 7.5 Market Coupling
• • 7.6 Electricity Markets: Surplus and Scarcity
• • 7.7 Allocation Mechanism and Zonal/Nodal Markets
• • 7.8 Capacity Calculation
• • References

Chapter 8: Future Power Systems

• • 8.1 Introduction
• • 8.2 Renewable Energy
• • 8.3 Decentralized or Distributed Generation
• • 8.4 Power Electronics in the Power System
• • 8.4.1 Power-electronic Interfaces
• • 8.4.2 System Inertia
• • 8.5 Energy Storage
• • 8.6 Blackouts and Chaotic Phenomena
• • 8.6.1 Nonlinear Phenomena and Chaos
• • 8.6.2 Blackouts
• • 8.7 Wide Area Monitoring of Power Systems
• • 8.7.1 Wide Area Measurement Systems in the Continental European Power System
• • References

Chapter A: Maxwell’s Laws

• • A.1 Introduction
• • A.2 Power Series Approach to Time-varying Fields
• • A.3 Quasi-static Field of a Parallel-plate Capacitor
• • A.3.1 Quasi-static Solution
• • A.3.2 Validity of the Quasi-static Approach
• • A.4 Quasi-static Field of a Single-turn Inductor
• • A.4.1 Quasi-static Solution
• • A.4.2 Validity of the Quasi-static Approach
• • A.5 Quasi-static Field of a Resistor
• • A.5.1 Quasi-static Solution
• • A.6 Circuit Modeling
• • Reference

Chapter B: Power Transformer Model

• • B.1 Introduction
• • B.2 The Ideal Transformer
• • B.3 Magnetically Coupled Coils
• • B.3.1 Equivalence with the Ideal Transformer
• • B.4 The Nonideal Transformer
• • B.5 Three-phase Transformer

Chapter C: Synchronous Machine Model

• • C.1 Introduction
• • C.2 The Primitive Synchronous Machine
• • C.3 The Single-phase Synchronous Machine
• • C.4 The Three-phase Synchronous Machine
• • C.5 Synchronous Generator in the Power System

Chapter D: Induction Machine Model

• • D.1 Introduction
• • D.2 The Basic Principle of the Induction Machine
• • D.2.1 A Single Rotor Winding
• • D.2.2 Two Rotor Windings
• • D.2.3 Rotating Rotor
• • D.3 The Magnetic Field in the Air Gap
• • D.3.1 Contribution of the Rotor Currents to the Air-gap Field
• • D.3.2 The Flux Linkage with the Stator Windings
• • D.4 A Simple Circuit Model for the Induction Machine
• • D.4.1 The Stator Voltage Equation
• • D.4.2 The Induction Machine as Two Magnetically Coupled Coils
• • D.4.3 A Practical Model of the Induction Machine
• • D.5 Induction Motor in the Power System

Chapter E: The Representation of Lines and Cables

• • E.1 Introduction
• • E.2 The Long Transmission Line
• • E.3 The Medium-length Transmission Line
• • E.4 The Short Transmission Line
• • E.5 Comparison of the Three Line Models
• • E.6 The Underground Cable

Chapter F: The Physics Behind the Maxwell Equations

• • F.1 Introduction
• • F.2 Ampère’s Law
• • F.3 Faraday’s Law
• • F.4 Maxwell’s Equations