Fundamentals of Soil Behavior

Name: Fundamentals of Soil Behavior
Price: 161 USD
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ISBN: 9781119832317

by James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga, Catherine O'Sullivan

4th Edition

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons P&T

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Civil Engineering

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Book Details

Print ISBN	9781119832317
eText ISBN	9781119832324
Publisher	John Wiley & Sons P&T
Publishing Year	2025
Edition	4th Edition
Language	English
Pages	688

Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, 4th Edition, presents the physical properties and fundamental behavior of soil through an organized framework progressing from particle-scale mechanics up to macro-scale behavior. Authored by James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga, and Catherine O'Sullivan, this textbook delivers core technical instruction primarily structured for university students studying geotechnical engineering and granular materials.

The thematic coverage examines soil formation, addressing weathering mechanisms, the earth's crust, the geologic cycle, rock stability, mineral stability, and how clay minerals originate. It examines soil mineralogy, reviewing atomic structure alongside interatomic bonding, secondary bonds, and crystal notation. Furthermore, the content presents basic engineering characterization methods for both granular soils and clay minerals.

End-of-chapter questions and practice problems are included throughout the volume to support student comprehension and long-term information retention. These structured practical exercises help learners translate theoretical particle-level concepts into macro-scale geotechnical analysis across structured academic course settings.

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
- • 1.1 Soil Behavior in Civil and Environmental Engineering
- • 1.2 Scope and Organization
- • 1.3 Getting Started
Chapter 2: SOIL FORMATION
- • 2.1 Introduction
- • 2.2 The Earth's Crust
- • 2.3 Geologic Cycle and Geological Time
- • 2.4 Rock and Mineral Stability
- • 2.5 Weathering
- • 2.6 Origin of Clay Minerals and Clay Genesis
- • 2.7 Residual Soils
- • 2.8 Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition
- • 2.9 Terrestrial Deposits
- • 2.10 Mixed Continental and Marine Deposits
- • 2.11 Marine Deposits
- • 2.12 Chemical and Biological Deposits
- • 2.13 Hard Soils and Soft Rocks
- • 2.14 Fills
- • 2.15 Tailings
- • 2.16 Post-Depositional Changes in Sediments
- • 2.17 Structure Development
- • 2.18 Soil Profiles and Taxonomy
- • 2.19 Concluding Comments
Chapter 3: SOIL MINEROLOGY
- • 3.1 Importance of Soil Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering
- • 3.2 Atomic Structure
- • 3.3 Interatomic Bonding
- • 3.4 Secondary Bonds
- • 3.5 Crystals and their Properties
- • 3.6 Factors Controlling Crystal Structures
- • 3.7 Silicate Crystals
- • 3.8 Surfaces
- • 3.9 Nonclay Mineral Particles
- • 3.10 Structural Units of Clay Minerals
- • 3.11 Synthesis Pattern and Classification of the Clay Minerals
- • 3.12 Intersheet and Interlayer Bonding in the Clay Minerals
- • 3.13 The 1:1 Minerals
- • 3.14 Smectite Minerals
- • 3.15 Micalike Clay Minerals
- • 3.16 Other Clay Minerals
- • 3.17 Determination of Soil Composition
- • 3.18 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
- • 3.19 Microscopy
- • 3.20 Other Methods for Compositional Analysis
- • 3.21 Quantitative Estimation of Soil Components
- • 3.22 Concluding Comments
Chapter 4: SOIL-WATER-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
- • 4.1 Introduction
- • 4.2 Nature of Ice and Water
- • 4.3 Influence of Dissolved Ions on Water Structure
- • 4.4 Mechanisms for Soil-Water Interaction
- • 4.5 Observations and Evidence of Structure and Properties of Adsorbed Water
- • 4.6 Clays as Colloidal Particles
- • 4.7 Elements of Double-Layer Theory
- • 4.8 Electrostatic Forces from the DLVO Theory
- • 4.9 Influences of System Variables on the Double Layer
- • 4.10 Long-Range Attraction: Van Der Waals Forces
- • 4.11 Net Energy of Interaction: Combining Electrostatic and Van Der Waals Forces
- • 4.12 Limitations of the DLVO Layer Model
- • 4.13 Clay Particle Interactions Deduced from Molecular Simulations
- • 4.14 Cation Exchange--General Considerations
- • 4.15 Theories for Ion Exchange
- • 4.16 Soil-Chemical Interactions
- • 4.17 Concluding Comments
Chapter 5: FUNDAMENTAL ENGINEERING CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS
- • 5.1 Introduction
- • 5.2 Particle Size Distribution in Granular Soils
- • 5.3 Morphological Characterization of Granular Soils
- • 5.4 Texture of Granular Soils
- • 5.5 Interparticle Friction
- • 5.6 Sand Particle Stiffness
- • 5.7 Sand Particle Strength
- • 5.8 Packing Density of Granular Soils and the Limits
- • 5.9 Particle Sizes of Clays and Influences of Exchangeable Cations and pH
- • 5.10 Atterberg Limits and Activity of Clays
- • 5.11 Dominating Influence of the Clay Phase
- • 5.12 Mixed Soils
- • 5.13 Effects of Organic Matter
- • 5.14 Concluding Comments
Chapter 6: SOIL FABRIC AND ITS MEASUREMENT
- • 6.1 Introduction
- • 6.2 Preparing Samples for Direct Observation of Fabric
- • 6.3 Direct Observation of Soil Fabric
- • 6.4 Image Processing and Analysis
- • 6.5 Use of Particulate Mechanics and Numerical Modelling to Study Fabric
- • 6.6 Qualitative Assessment of Fabric
- • 6.7 Quantitative Assessment of Fabric
- • 6.8 Void Fabric of Cohesionless Soils
- • 6.9 Concluding Comments
Chapter 7: EFFECTIVE, INTERGRANULAR, AND TOTAL STRESS
- • 7.1 Introduction
- • 7.2 Principle of Effective Stress
- • 7.3 Force Distributions in a Particulate System
- • 7.4 Interparticle Forces in Silt, Sand, and Gravel-Sized Particles
- • 7.5 Interparticle Forces in Clay-Sized Particles
- • 7.6 Relating Interparticle Forces and Macroscale Stress
- • 7.7 Total Potentials and Heads
- • 7.8 Water Pressures
- • 7.9 Assessment of Intergranular Stress
- • 7.10 Assessment of Terzaghi's Effective Stress
- • 7.11 Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils
- • 7.12 Concluding Comments
Chapter 8: CONDUCTION PHENOMENA
- • 8.1 Introduction
- • 8.2 Flow Laws and Interrelationships
- • 8.3 Hydraulic Conductivity
- • 8.4 Flows Through Unsaturated Soils
- • 8.5 Thermal Conductivity
- • 8.6 Electrical Conductivity
- • 8.7 Diffusion
- • 8.8 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Salts Through Soil-Coupled Flows
- • 8.9 Quantification of Coupled Flows
- • 8.10 Electrokinetic Phenomena
- • 8.11 Transport Coefficients and the Importance of Coupled Flows
- • 8.12 Compatibility--Effects of Chemical Flows on Properties
- • 8.13 Electroosmosis
- • 8.14 Electroosmosis Efficiency
- • 8.15 Consolidation by Electroosmosis
- • 8.16 Electrochemical Effects
- • 8.17 Electrokinetic Remediation
- • 8.18 Self-Potentials
- • 8.19 Concluding Comments
Chapter 9: VOLUME CHANGE BEHAVIOR
- • 9.1 Introduction
- • 9.2 Factors Controlling Resistance to Volume Change
- • 9.3 Fundamental Concepts in Volume Change Behavior of Fine-Grained Soils
- • 9.4 Consolidation
- • 9.5 Secondary Compression
- • 9.6 Evolution of Fabric During Compression
- • 9.7 Influence of Structure on Compression Behavior
- • 9.8 The Stresses in One-Dimensional Consolidation
- • 9.9 Volume Change Behavior Under Constant Stress Ratio Conditions
- • 9.10 Swelling and Shrinkage of Fine-Grained Soils
- • 9.11 Fundamental Concepts in Volume Change Behavior of Coarse-Grained Soils
- • 9.12 Particle Deformations and Breakage During Volume Change
- • 9.13 Collapsing Soils
- • 9.14 Influences of Mineralogical Detail in Soil Expansion
- • 9.15 Osmotic Pressure and Water Adsorption Influences on Compression and Swelling
- • 9.16 Summary
- • 9.17 Concluding Comments
Chapter 10: LOAD-DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR AND STRENGTH
- • 10.1 Introduction
- • 10.2 General Characteristics of Strength and Deformation
- • 10.3 Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition
- • 10.4 State Variables to Express the Void Ratio and Confining Pressure Dependency
- • 10.5 Effective Strength of Sands
- • 10.6 Effective Strength of Clays
- • 10.7 Undrained Strength of Clays
- • 10.8 Undrained Strength of Sands
- • 10.9 True Cohesion
- • 10.10 Prefailure Deformation of Soil
- • 10.11 Linear Elastic Stiffness
- • 10.12 Transition from Elastic to Plastic States
- • 10.13 Evolution of Fabric During Soil Deformation
- • 10.14 Influence of Fabric and Structure on Deformation and Strength
- • 10.15 Intermediate Stress Effects and Stress Anisotropy
- • 10.16 Concluding Comments
Chapter 11: SOME SPECIAL FEATURES OF SOIL BEHAVIOR
- • 11.1 Introduction
- • 11.2 Sensitivity and Its Causes
- • 11.3 Property Interrelationships in Sensitive Clays
- • 11.4 Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization
- • 11.5 Residual State and Residual Strength
- • 11.6 Undrained Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction
- • 11.7 Response to Drained Cyclic Loading
- • 11.8 Engineering Behavior of Mixed Soils
- • 11.9 Elastic Wave Propagation
- • 11.10 Fracturing of Soils
- • 11.11 Dispersive Clays
- • 11.12 Internal Erosion
- • 11.13 Slaking
- • 11.14 Concluding Comments
Chapter 12: THERMAL EFFECTS ON SOIL BEHAVIOR
- • 12.1 Introduction
- • 12.2 Variations of Thermal Properties of Soil With State and Environmental Conditions
- • 12.3 Heat Transfer in Individual Particles and at Particle Contacts
- • 12.4 Temperature Effect on Volumetric Behavior
- • 12.5 Theoretical Analysis of Drained Conditions
- • 12.6 Thermal Pressurization in Undrained Conditions
- • 12.7 Theoretical Analysis of Undrained Conditions--Thermal Pressurization
- • 12.8 Temperature Effect on Mechanical Characteristics
- • 12.9 Unsaturated Soil
- • 12.10 Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupling
- • 12.11 Thermally Driven Moisture Flow
- • 12.12 An Introduction to Ground Freezing
- • 12.13 Ground-Freezing Processes
- • 12.14 Frost Heave and Ice Lens Formation
- • 12.15 Mechanical Behavior of Frozen Soil
- • 12.16 Concluding Comments
Chapter 13: TIME EFFECTS ON STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION
- • 13.1 Introduction
- • 13.2 General Characteristics
- • 13.3 Fundamental Mechanisms of Time-Dependant Behavior: Rate Process Theory
- • 13.4 Bonding, Effective Stresses, and Strength
- • 13.5 Shearing Resistance as a Rate Process
- • 13.6 Interpreting Soil Behavi

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
- • 1.1 Soil Behavior in Civil and Environmental Engineering
- • 1.2 Scope and Organization
- • 1.3 Getting Started
Chapter 2: SOIL FORMATION
- • 2.1 Introduction
- • 2.2 The Earth's Crust
- • 2.3 Geologic Cycle and Geological Time
- • 2.4 Rock and Mineral Stability
- • 2.5 Weathering
- • 2.6 Origin of Clay Minerals and Clay Genesis
- • 2.7 Residual Soils
- • 2.8 Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition
- • 2.9 Terrestrial Deposits
- • 2.10 Mixed Continental and Marine Deposits
- • 2.11 Marine Deposits
- • 2.12 Chemical and Biological Deposits
- • 2.13 Hard Soils and Soft Rocks
- • 2.14 Fills
- • 2.15 Tailings
- • 2.16 Post-Depositional Changes in Sediments
- • 2.17 Structure Development
- • 2.18 Soil Profiles and Taxonomy
- • 2.19 Concluding Comments
Chapter 3: SOIL MINEROLOGY
- • 3.1 Importance of Soil Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering
- • 3.2 Atomic Structure
- • 3.3 Interatomic Bonding
- • 3.4 Secondary Bonds
- • 3.5 Crystals and their Properties
- • 3.6 Factors Controlling Crystal Structures
- • 3.7 Silicate Crystals
- • 3.8 Surfaces
- • 3.9 Nonclay Mineral Particles
- • 3.10 Structural Units of Clay Minerals
- • 3.11 Synthesis Pattern and Classification of the Clay Minerals
- • 3.12 Intersheet and Interlayer Bonding in the Clay Minerals
- • 3.13 The 1:1 Minerals
- • 3.14 Smectite Minerals
- • 3.15 Micalike Clay Minerals
- • 3.16 Other Clay Minerals
- • 3.17 Determination of Soil Composition
- • 3.18 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
- • 3.19 Microscopy
- • 3.20 Other Methods for Compositional Analysis
- • 3.21 Quantitative Estimation of Soil Components
- • 3.22 Concluding Comments
Chapter 4: SOIL-WATER-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
- • 4.1 Introduction
- • 4.2 Nature of Ice and Water
- • 4.3 Influence of Dissolved Ions on Water Structure
- • 4.4 Mechanisms for Soil-Water Interaction
- • 4.5 Observations and Evidence of Structure and Properties of Adsorbed Water
- • 4.6 Clays as Colloidal Particles
- • 4.7 Elements of Double-Layer Theory
- • 4.8 Electrostatic Forces from the DLVO Theory
- • 4.9 Influences of System Variables on the Double Layer
- • 4.10 Long-Range Attraction: Van Der Waals Forces
- • 4.11 Net Energy of Interaction: Combining Electrostatic and Van Der Waals Forces
- • 4.12 Limitations of the DLVO Layer Model
- • 4.13 Clay Particle Interactions Deduced from Molecular Simulations
- • 4.14 Cation Exchange--General Considerations
- • 4.15 Theories for Ion Exchange
- • 4.16 Soil-Chemical Interactions
- • 4.17 Concluding Comments
Chapter 5: FUNDAMENTAL ENGINEERING CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS
- • 5.1 Introduction
- • 5.2 Particle Size Distribution in Granular Soils
- • 5.3 Morphological Characterization of Granular Soils
- • 5.4 Texture of Granular Soils
- • 5.5 Interparticle Friction
- • 5.6 Sand Particle Stiffness
- • 5.7 Sand Particle Strength
- • 5.8 Packing Density of Granular Soils and the Limits
- • 5.9 Particle Sizes of Clays and Influences of Exchangeable Cations and pH
- • 5.10 Atterberg Limits and Activity of Clays
- • 5.11 Dominating Influence of the Clay Phase
- • 5.12 Mixed Soils
- • 5.13 Effects of Organic Matter
- • 5.14 Concluding Comments
Chapter 6: SOIL FABRIC AND ITS MEASUREMENT
- • 6.1 Introduction
- • 6.2 Preparing Samples for Direct Observation of Fabric
- • 6.3 Direct Observation of Soil Fabric
- • 6.4 Image Processing and Analysis
- • 6.5 Use of Particulate Mechanics and Numerical Modelling to Study Fabric
- • 6.6 Qualitative Assessment of Fabric
- • 6.7 Quantitative Assessment of Fabric
- • 6.8 Void Fabric of Cohesionless Soils
- • 6.9 Concluding Comments
Chapter 7: EFFECTIVE, INTERGRANULAR, AND TOTAL STRESS
- • 7.1 Introduction
- • 7.2 Principle of Effective Stress
- • 7.3 Force Distributions in a Particulate System
- • 7.4 Interparticle Forces in Silt, Sand, and Gravel-Sized Particles
- • 7.5 Interparticle Forces in Clay-Sized Particles
- • 7.6 Relating Interparticle Forces and Macroscale Stress
- • 7.7 Total Potentials and Heads
- • 7.8 Water Pressures
- • 7.9 Assessment of Intergranular Stress
- • 7.10 Assessment of Terzaghi's Effective Stress
- • 7.11 Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils
- • 7.12 Concluding Comments
Chapter 8: CONDUCTION PHENOMENA
- • 8.1 Introduction
- • 8.2 Flow Laws and Interrelationships
- • 8.3 Hydraulic Conductivity
- • 8.4 Flows Through Unsaturated Soils
- • 8.5 Thermal Conductivity
- • 8.6 Electrical Conductivity
- • 8.7 Diffusion
- • 8.8 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Salts Through Soil-Coupled Flows
- • 8.9 Quantification of Coupled Flows
- • 8.10 Electrokinetic Phenomena
- • 8.11 Transport Coefficients and the Importance of Coupled Flows
- • 8.12 Compatibility--Effects of Chemical Flows on Properties
- • 8.13 Electroosmosis
- • 8.14 Electroosmosis Efficiency
- • 8.15 Consolidation by Electroosmosis
- • 8.16 Electrochemical Effects
- • 8.17 Electrokinetic Remediation
- • 8.18 Self-Potentials
- • 8.19 Concluding Comments
Chapter 9: VOLUME CHANGE BEHAVIOR
- • 9.1 Introduction
- • 9.2 Factors Controlling Resistance to Volume Change
- • 9.3 Fundamental Concepts in Volume Change Behavior of Fine-Grained Soils
- • 9.4 Consolidation
- • 9.5 Secondary Compression
- • 9.6 Evolution of Fabric During Compression
- • 9.7 Influence of Structure on Compression Behavior
- • 9.8 The Stresses in One-Dimensional Consolidation
- • 9.9 Volume Change Behavior Under Constant Stress Ratio Conditions
- • 9.10 Swelling and Shrinkage of Fine-Grained Soils
- • 9.11 Fundamental Concepts in Volume Change Behavior of Coarse-Grained Soils
- • 9.12 Particle Deformations and Breakage During Volume Change
- • 9.13 Collapsing Soils
- • 9.14 Influences of Mineralogical Detail in Soil Expansion
- • 9.15 Osmotic Pressure and Water Adsorption Influences on Compression and Swelling
- • 9.16 Summary
- • 9.17 Concluding Comments
Chapter 10: LOAD-DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR AND STRENGTH
- • 10.1 Introduction
- • 10.2 General Characteristics of Strength and Deformation
- • 10.3 Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition
- • 10.4 State Variables to Express the Void Ratio and Confining Pressure Dependency
- • 10.5 Effective Strength of Sands
- • 10.6 Effective Strength of Clays
- • 10.7 Undrained Strength of Clays
- • 10.8 Undrained Strength of Sands
- • 10.9 True Cohesion
- • 10.10 Prefailure Deformation of Soil
- • 10.11 Linear Elastic Stiffness
- • 10.12 Transition from Elastic to Plastic States
- • 10.13 Evolution of Fabric During Soil Deformation
- • 10.14 Influence of Fabric and Structure on Deformation and Strength
- • 10.15 Intermediate Stress Effects and Stress Anisotropy
- • 10.16 Concluding Comments
Chapter 11: SOME SPECIAL FEATURES OF SOIL BEHAVIOR
- • 11.1 Introduction
- • 11.2 Sensitivity and Its Causes
- • 11.3 Property Interrelationships in Sensitive Clays
- • 11.4 Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization
- • 11.5 Residual State and Residual Strength
- • 11.6 Undrained Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction
- • 11.7 Response to Drained Cyclic Loading
- • 11.8 Engineering Behavior of Mixed Soils
- • 11.9 Elastic Wave Propagation
- • 11.10 Fracturing of Soils
- • 11.11 Dispersive Clays
- • 11.12 Internal Erosion
- • 11.13 Slaking
- • 11.14 Concluding Comments
Chapter 12: THERMAL EFFECTS ON SOIL BEHAVIOR
- • 12.1 Introduction
- • 12.2 Variations of Thermal Properties of Soil With State and Environmental Conditions
- • 12.3 Heat Transfer in Individual Particles and at Particle Contacts
- • 12.4 Temperature Effect on Volumetric Behavior
- • 12.5 Theoretical Analysis of Drained Conditions
- • 12.6 Thermal Pressurization in Undrained Conditions
- • 12.7 Theoretical Analysis of Undrained Conditions--Thermal Pressurization
- • 12.8 Temperature Effect on Mechanical Characteristics
- • 12.9 Unsaturated Soil
- • 12.10 Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupling
- • 12.11 Thermally Driven Moisture Flow
- • 12.12 An Introduction to Ground Freezing
- • 12.13 Ground-Freezing Processes
- • 12.14 Frost Heave and Ice Lens Formation
- • 12.15 Mechanical Behavior of Frozen Soil
- • 12.16 Concluding Comments
Chapter 13: TIME EFFECTS ON STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION
- • 13.1 Introduction
- • 13.2 General Characteristics
- • 13.3 Fundamental Mechanisms of Time-Dependant Behavior: Rate Process Theory
- • 13.4 Bonding, Effective Stresses, and Strength
- • 13.5 Shearing Resistance as a Rate Process
- • 13.6 Interpreting Soil Behavi