Industrial Chemical Process Analysis and Design

Chapter 1: Introduction: Historical view of the evolution of the chemical Industry

Chapter 2: Principles of process design

• • 2.1: Process Engineering
• • 2.2: Process design principles
• • 2.3: Flowsheeting
• • 2.4: Mass and energy balances summary
• • 2.5: Process optimization and control
• • 2.6: Process safety
• • 2.7: Sustainability in process design
• • 2.8: Summary
• • 2.9: Problems
• • 2.10: References

Chapter 3: Air as raw material

• • 3.1: Introduction
• • 3.2: Air separation
• • 3.2.1: History
• • 3.2.2: Separations.
• • 3.2.3: Air liquefaction: Cycles of Linde, Claude, Phillips. Air Distillation
• • 3.2.4: Storage
• • 3.3: Atmospheric contamination. Particle removal. NOx abatement, SO2 abatement.
• • 3.4: Humid air
• • 3.4.1: Concepts and definitions
• • 3.4.2: Solids drying mechanism
• • 3.4.3: Dryer’s classification
• • 3.5: Summary
• • 3.6: Problems
• • 3.7: References

Chapter 4: Water as raw material

• • 4.1: Introduction
• • 4.2: Water as a raw material.
• • 4.2.1: Water Salinity.
• • 4.2.2: Desalination. Evaporator design. Crystallization analysis. Solar evaporators Membranes design
• • 4.2.3: Water electrolysis. Green Hydrogen production. Fuel cells.
• • 4.2.4: Thermal cycles for water decomposition.
• • 4.2.5: NaCl Industry. Leblanc Process. Solvay Process. CO2 capture looping
• • 4.3: Water – energy nexus
• • 4.4: Summary
• • 4.5: Problems
• • 4.6: References

Chapter 5: Synthesis gases and their use

• • 5.1: Introduction
• • 5.2: Stage I: Syngas production: Production of H2 and H2: CO mixtures
• • a.1: Gas generator / Water gas.
• • a.2: Coal distillation.
• • a.3: Gasification
• • a.4: Partial oxidation
• • a.5: Reforming
• • b) Nitrogen production
• • 5.3: Stage II. Gas clean-up
• • 5.3.1: Concentrated sources
• • 5.3.2: Diluted sources. Direct air Capture.
• • 5.4: Stage III: Synthesis.
• • 5.4.1: Ammonia
• • 5.4.1.1: Introduction
• • 5.4.1.2: Synthesis of ammonia. Thermodynamics, kinetics, reactor design, industrial process analysis.
• • 5.4.2: FT type synthesis.
• • 5.4.1.2: Methane. Mechanisms. Thermodynamics. Kinetics and reactor design.
• • 5.4.2.2: Methanol. Mechanisms. Thermodynamics. Kinetics and reactor design
• • 5.4.2.3: FT liquids. Heavy Oil Refinery and upgrading
• • 5.4.3: Use of CO2 to chemicals. E fuels and Urea.
• • 5.4.4: Methanol to chemicals.
• • 5.5: Summary
• • 5.6: Problems
• • 5.7: References

Chapter 6: Nitric acid production

• • 6.1: Introduction.
• • 6.2: Production technologies and processes.
• • 6.2.1: From Nitrates.
• • 6.2.2: From air
• • 6.2.3: From ammonia. Process flowsheets. Converter design. Absorption and purification
• • 6.2.3.1: Process description
• • 6.2.3.2: Process analysis
• • 6.3: Emissions control.
• • 6.4: Summary
• • 6.5: Problems
• • 6.6: References

Chapter 7: Sulfuric acid production

• • 7.1: Introduction: History of Sulfuric acid.
• • 7.2: Pyrite processing.
• • 7.3: Sulfuric acid production
• • 7.3.1: Lead Chambers: Process evolution and process analysis.
• • 7.3.2: Contact process: Converter design. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Process analysis.
• • 7.4: Summary
• • 7.5: Problems
• • 7.6: References

Chapter 8: Phosphoric acid, phosphates and fertilizers production

• • 8.1: Phosphatic rock
• • 8.2: Phosphoric acid
• • 8.2.1: Wet processes
• • 8.2.2: Thermal process
• • 8.2.3: Kiln Process acid.
• • 8.3: Fertilizers
• • 8.3.1: Superphosphate
• • 8.3.2: Triple phosphate
• • 8.3.3: Nitrophosphate
• • 8.3.4: Amonium phosphate
• • 8.3.5: Polyphosphate
• • 8.3.6: NPK’s
• • 8.4: Summary
• • 8.5: Problems
• • 8.6: References

Chapter 9: Iron production

• • 9.1: Introduction
• • 9.1.1: Iron features
• • 9.1.2: Sources of Iron
• • 9.1.3: Combiantios of Fe with C and others
• • 9.1.4: Iron production
• • 9.2: Blast furnace analysis
• • 9.2.1: Description and scheme of a furnace
• • 9.2.2: Iron purification
• • 9.2.2.1: Foundry
• • 9.2.2.2: Steel production
• • 9.2.3: Direct reduction
• • 9.3: Summary
• • 9.4: Problems
• • 9.5: References

Chapter 10: Biomass processing

• • 10.1: Biomass types and preprocessing
• • 10.1.1: Grain
• • 10.1.2: Lignocellulosic biomass
• • 10.1.3: Seeds
• • 10.1.4: Algae
• • 10.1.5: Rubber
• • 10.1.6: Waste and manure
• • 10.1.7: Pelletization
• • 10.2: Processing intermediates
• • 10.2.1: Sugars
• • 10.2.2: Syngas
• • 10.2.3: Oil
• • 10.2.4: Biogas upgrading
• • 10.3: Product purification
• • 10.3.1-Ethanol dehydration
• • 10.3.2: Mix alcohols separation
• • 10.3.3: Alcohols recovery
• • 10.3.4: Penicillin purification.
• • 10.4: Power cycles.
• • 10.5: Use of byproducts.
• • 10.6: Summary
• • 10.7: Problems.
• • 10.8: References.

Chapter 11: Polymers production

• • 11.1: Introduction
• • 11.2: Types of polymerization processes
• • 11.3: Polyethylene
• • 11.4: PMMA
• • 11.5: PVC
• • 11.6: Polycarbonate
• • 11.7: Biodegradable polymers
• • 11.8: Summary
• • 11.9: Problems.
• • 11.10: References.