Natural Surfactants

Chapter 1: General Views on Natural Surfactants

• • Introduction
• • Surfactants from Nature
• • Natural Surfactants Versus Bio-Based Surfactants
• • Advantages and Disadvantages of Naturally Occurring Surfactants
• • Production Process of Natural Surfactants
• • Selection of the Microorganism
• • Medium Composition
• • Feeding Strategies
• • Pulse Feed
• • Constant Feed Rate
• • Exponential Feed Rate
• • Feedback Control Feed Rate
• • Biosurfactants Transport
• • Recovery and Purification
• • Raw Materials in Natural Surfactants Production
• • Life Cycle Analysis of Natural Surfactants
• • Production Costs of Naturally Occurring Surfactants
• • Natural Surfactants are Chiral
• • A Glimpse into the Future
• • References

Chapter 2: Saponins

• • 2.1 Introduction
• • 2.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 2.3 Biological Activity
• • 2.3.1 Antibacterial Activity
• • 2.3.2 Antiviral Activity
• • 2.3.3 Antifungal Activity
• • 2.3.4 Antiparasitic Activity
• • 2.3.5 Antiinflammatory Activity
• • 2.3.6 Antitumor Activity
• • 2.3.7 Hepatoprotective Activity
• • 2.3.8 Immunoadjuvant Activity
• • 2.4 Sources of Commercial Saponins
• • 2.5 Extraction and Purification
• • 2.6 Toxicology
• • 2.6.1 Acute Toxicity
• • 2.6.2 Long-Term Toxicity in Mice
• • 2.6.3 Short-Term Toxicity in Rats
• • 2.6.4 Long-Term Toxicity in Rats
• • 2.7 Producers and Vendors
• • 2.8 Products and Prices
• • 2.9 Existing Applications
• • 2.10 Potential Applications
• • 2.11 Regulatory
• • 2.11.1 Saponins in Pharmacopoeias
• • 2.11.2 Saponins in Food and Cosmetics Regulatory
• • References

Chapter 3: Phospholipids

• • 3.1 Introduction
• • 3.2 Chemical Structure and Properties of Lecithin
• • 3.3 Production
• • 3.4 Producers and Prices
• • 3.5 Existing Applications
• • 3.5.1 Liposomes for Delivery of Bioactive Substances
• • 3.5.2 Lecithin in Food, Feed, and Nutrition
• • 3.5.3 Lecithin in Personal Care Formulations
• • 3.5.4 Lecithin in Other Industrial Areas
• • 3.6 Regulatory
• • References

Chapter 4: Bile Acids

• • 4.1 Introduction
• • 4.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 4.3 Producers
• • 4.4 Applications
• • References

Chapter 5: Rhamnolipids

• • 5.1 Introduction
• • 5.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 5.3 Biosynthesis
• • 5.4 Biotechnological Production
• • 5.4.1 Choosing the Bacteria
• • 5.4.2 Fermentation Conditions
• • 5.4.2.1 Medium Composition
• • 5.4.2.2 Fermentation Parameters
• • 5.4.3 Extraction and Purification
• • 5.4.3.1 Reducing Raw Material Costs
• • 5.4.3.2 Waste Cooking Oils (WCO)
• • Other Sources
• • 5.4.4 Overcoming Pathogenicity
• • 5.5 Rhamnolipids Through Organic Synthesis
• • 5.6 Rhamnolipids Through Bioorganic Synthesis
• • 5.7 Biodegradability, Toxicity, and Antimicrobial Effect
• • 5.8 Suppliers, Formulators, Products, and Prices
• • 5.9 Existing Applications
• • 5.10 Potential Applications
• • 5.11 Regulatory
• • References

Chapter 6: Sophorolipids

• • 6.1 Introduction
• • 6.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 6.3 Biosynthesis
• • 6.4 Production
• • 6.5 Production Costs
• • 6.6 Biodegradability and Toxicity
• • 6.7 Suppliers, Formulators, Products, and Prices
• • 6.8 Existing Applications
• • 6.8.1 Cosmetics
• • 6.8.2 Household Cleaning
• • 6.8.3 Source of Chemicals
• • 6.9 Potential Applications
• • 6.10 Regulatory
• • References

Chapter 7: Mannosylerythritol Lipids

• • 7.1 Introduction
• • 7.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 7.3 Production
• • 7.4 Producers
• • 7.5 Existing and Potential Applications
• • 7.5.1 Cosmetics
• • 7.5.2 Disinfection
• • 7.5.3 Crop Protection
• • References

Chapter 8: Trehalose Lipids

• • 8.1 Introduction
• • 8.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 8.3 Production
• • 8.4 Skin Toxicity
• • 8.5 Existing Applications
• • 8.6 Potential Applications
• • References

Chapter 9: Cellobiose Lipids

• • 9.1 Introduction
• • 9.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 9.3 Production
• • 9.4 Potential Applications
• • References

Chapter 10: Xylolipids

• • 10.1 Introduction
• • 10.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 10.3 Producers
• • 10.4 Potential Applications
• • References

Chapter 11: Lipopeptides

• • 11.1 Introduction
• • 11.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 11.3 Biosynthesis
• • 11.4 Production
• • 11.5 Production Costs
• • 11.6 Toxicology, Environmental Properties
• • 11.7 Suppliers and Products
• • 11.8 Existing and Potential Applications
• • 11.9 Regulatory
• • References

Chapter 12: Antimicrobial Peptides

• • 12.1 Introduction
• • 12.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 12.3 Sources
• • 12.4 Production
• • 12.5 Mechanism of Action
• • 12.5.1 Extracellular Via Membrane Targeting Mode
• • 12.5.2 Intracellular Mode
• • 12.5.2.1 Inhibition of Protein Biosynthesis
• • 12.5.2.2 Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis
• • 12.5.2.3 Inhibition of Protease Activity
• • 12.5.2.4 Inhibition of Cell Division
• • 12.6 Existing and Potential Applications
• • 12.6.1 Medicine
• • 12.6.1.1 Wound Healing and Skin Infections
• • 12.6.1.2 Dental Care
• • 12.6.1.3 Ophthalmology
• • 12.6.1.4 Antibacterial Peptides
• • 12.6.1.5 Antifungal Peptides
• • 12.6.1.6 Anticancer Peptides
• • 12.6.1.7 Antiviral Peptides
• • 12.6.1.8 Antiparasitic Peptides
• • 12.6.1.9 Anti-HIV Peptides
• • 12.6.1.10 Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides
• • 12.6.1.11 Biofilm Inhibitors
• • 12.6.2 Medical Devices
• • 12.6.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
• • 12.6.3.1 Therapeutic Antimicrobial Peptides on the Market
• • 12.6.3.2 Nanoparticle Formulations of Antimicrobial Peptides
• • 12.6.4 Food
• • 12.6.5 Animal Husbandry and Aquaculture
• • 12.6.6 Agriculture
• • 12.7 Producers
• • References

Chapter 13: Lipopolysaccharides

• • 13.1 Introduction
• • 13.2 Chemical Structures and Properties
• • 13.3 The Emulsan Story
• • 13.4 Other Lipopolysaccharides
• • References

Chapter 14: Characterization of Natural Surfactants

• • 14.1 Introduction
• • 14.2 Methods for the Characterization of Naturally Occurring Surfactants
• • 14.3 Methods to Determine the Self-Assembly Behavior of Naturally Occurring Surfactants
• • 14.4 Methods to Determine Phase Diagrams of Naturally Occurring Surfactants
• • 14.5 Methods for Strain Identification
• • 14.6 Methods to Identify the Biosynthesis Pathway of Surface-Active Compounds
• • References

Chapter 15: Distinctive Features of Low- and High-Molecular-Weight Amphiphiles

• • 15.1 Introduction
• • 15.2 Emulsions
• • 15.3 Natural Amphiphiles as Emulsifiers and Emulsion Stabilizers
• • 15.3.1 Phospholipids
• • 15.3.2 Saponins
• • 15.3.3 Glycolipids
• • 15.3.4 Lipopeptides
• • 15.3.5 Surface-Active Proteins
• • 15.3.6 Lipopolysaccharides
• • References

Chapter 16: Commercial Exploitation of Natural Surface-Active Agents

• • 16.1 Foreword
• • 16.2 Introduction
• • 16.2.1 Home Care
• • 16.2.2 Household Laundry Detergents
• • Hand Dishwashing Cleaners
• • Hard Surface Cleaners
• • 16.3 Cosmetics
• • 16.4 Plant Protection
• • 16.5 Food
• • 16.6 Oil Industry
• • 16.6.1 General
• • 16.6.2 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
• • References