Marine Mammals

Chapter 1: Introduction

• • 1.1. Marine Mammals—“What Are They?”
• • 1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life
• • 1.3. Scope and Use of this Book
• • 1.4. Time Scale
• • 1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals
• • 1.6. Emergence of Marine Mammal Science
• • 1.7. Further Reading and Resources

Part 1: Evolutionary History

Chapter 2: Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Classification

• • 2.1. Introduction: Investigating Evolutionary Histories
• • 2.2. Some Basic Terminology and Concepts
• • 2.3. How Do You Build a Phylogenetic Tree?
• • 2.4. Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses
• • 2.5. Applying Phylogenies: Elucidating Evolutionary and Ecological Patterns
• • 2.6. Taxonomy and Classification
• • 2.7. Summary and Conclusions
• • 2.8. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 3: Pinniped Evolution and Systematics

• • 3.1. Introduction
• • 3.2. Origin and Evolution
• • 3.3. Summary and Conclusions
• • 3.4. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 4: Cetacean Evolution and Systematics

• • 4.1. Introduction
• • 4.2. Origin and Evolution
• • 4.3. Summary and Conclusions
• • 4.4. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 5: Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics

• • 5.1. Introduction
• • 5.2. Origin and Evolution of Sirenians
• • 5.3. The Extinct Sirenian Relatives—Desmostylia
• • 5.4. The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran, _Kolponomos_
• • 5.5. The Extinct Aquatic Sloth, _Thalassocnus natans_
• • 5.6. Marine Otters
• • 5.7. The Polar Bear, _Ursus maritimus_
• • 5.8. Summary and Conclusions
• • 5.9. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 6: Evolution and Geography

• • 6.1. Introduction
• • 6.2. Species Identity
• • 6.3. Speciation
• • 6.4. Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals
• • 6.5. Present Patterns of Distribution
• • 6.6. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns
• • 6.7. Past Patterns of Distribution
• • 6.8. Summary and Conclusions
• • 6.9. Further Reading and Resources

Part 2: Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Behavior

Chapter 7: Integumentary and Sensory Systems

• • 7.1. Introduction
• • 7.2. Integumentary System
• • 7.3. Nerves and Sense Organs
• • 7.4. Summary and Conclusions
• • 7.5. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 8: Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion

• • 8.1. Introduction
• • 8.2. Pinnipeds
• • 8.3. Cetaceans
• • 8.4. Sirenians
• • 8.5. Sea Otter
• • 8.6. Polar Bear
• • 8.7. Summary and Conclusions
• • 8.8. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 9: Energetics

• • 9.1. Introduction
• • 9.2. Metabolic Rates
• • 9.3. Thermoregulation
• • 9.4. Energetics of Locomotion
• • 9.5. Osmoregulation
• • 9.6. Summary and Conclusions
• • 9.7. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 10: Respiration and Diving Physiology

• • 10.1. Introduction
• • 10.2. Challenges of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders
• • 10.3. Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving
• • 10.4. Diving Response
• • 10.5. Diving Behavior and Phylogenetic Patterns
• • 10.6. Summary and Conclusions
• • 10.7. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 11: Sound Production for Communication, Echolocation, and Prey Capture

• • 11.1. Introduction
• • 11.2. Sound Propagation in Air and Water
• • 11.3. Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Production and Reception
• • 11.4. Functions of Intentionally Produced Sounds
• • 11.5. Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate and Low-Frequency Military Sonars
• • 11.6. Summary and Conclusions
• • 11.7. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 12: Diet, Foraging Structures, and Strategies

• • 12.1. Introduction
• • 12.2. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance
• • 12.3. Adaptations for Foraging in Pinnipeds
• • 12.4. Feeding Specializations of Cetaceans
• • 12.5. Feeding Specializations of Sirenians
• • 12.6. Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals
• • 12.7. Summary and Conclusions
• • 12.8. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 13: Reproductive Structures, Strategies, and Patterns

• • 13.1. Introduction
• • 13.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System
• • 13.3. Mating Systems
• • 13.4. Lactation Strategies
• • 13.5. Reproductive Patterns
• • 13.6. Summary and Conclusions
• • 13.7. Further Reading and Resources

Chapter 14: Population Structure and Dynamics

• • 14.1. Introduction
• • 14.2. Abundance and Its Determination in Marine Mammals
• • 14.3. Techniques for Monitoring Populations
• • 14.4. Population Structure and Dynamics
• • 14.5. Summary and Conclusions
• • 14.6. Further Reading and Resources

Part 3: Exploitation, Conservation, and Management

Chapter 15: Exploitation and Conservation

• • 15.1. Introduction
• • 15.2. Exploitation of Marine Mammals
• • 15.3. Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection
• • 15.4. Progress and the Future
• • 15.5. Summary and Conclusions
• • 15.6. Further Reading and Resources