Nanosensors in Healthcare Diagnostics

Chapter 1: Nanobiosensors for point-of-care diagnostic applications

• • 1.1 Introduction
• • 1.2 Diagnostic biological markers
• • 1.2.1 Protein biological markers
• • 1.2.2 Metabolites biological markers
• • 1.2.3 Nucleic acid biological markers
• • 1.2.4 Pathogenic biological markers
• • 1.3 Diagnostic role of nanobiosensors in biomedical field
• • 1.3.1 Noncommunicable diseases
• • 1.3.2 Communicable diseases
• • 1.4 Summary and future perspective
• • References

Chapter 2: Gold-conjugated polymeric nanoparticles as biosensors

• • 2.1 Introduction
• • 2.1.1 Gold nanoparticle-based piezoelectric biosensors
• • 2.2 Biosensor’s state of the art
• • 2.2.1 Gold nanoparticles sensing by fluorescence quenching
• • 2.2.2 Gold nanoparticles surface plasmon resonance-based sensors
• • 2.2.3 Detection of metal ions
• • 2.3 Detection of small organic molecules and protein
• • 2.4 Conclusions
• • References

Chapter 3: Biosensors for detection of Alzheimer’s disease: a review

• • 3.1 Introduction
• • 3.1.1 Neurodegenerative diseases
• • 3.1.2 Alzheimer’s disease and its diagnosis
• • 3.2 Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease
• • 3.2.1 Amyloid beta proteins
• • 3.2.2 Tau protein
• • 3.2.3 Apolipoprotein E4
• • 3.3 Biosensors
• • 3.3.1 Bioreceptors
• • 3.3.2 Transducers
• • 3.3.3 Signal amplification
• • 3.4 Conclusion
• • Acknowledgments
• • Conflict of interest
• • References

Chapter 4: Nanodrug delivery—a noble approach in neurodegenerative disorder and glioblastoma

• • 4.1 Introduction
• • 4.2 Neurological diseases and treatment strategies
• • 4.2.1 Neurodegenerative disease
• • 4.3 The bloodbrain barrier and nanotechnology
• • 4.4 Bloodbrain barrier crossing mechanism by nanomaterial
• • 4.5 Nanocarriers in drug delivery
• • 4.5.1 Inorganic nanocarriers for drug delivery
• • 4.5.2 Organic nanocarriers
• • 4.6 Recent advancements in nano-based treatment of brain disorders
• • 4.6.1 Scaffold
• • 4.6.2 Three- and four-dimensional printing
• • 4.6.3 Induced pluripotent stem cells
• • 4.6.4 Nanocarrier-based gene therapy
• • 4.7 Clinical trials and current status of nanomedicines in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
• • 4.8 Challenges and approaches to overcome barriers in the nano-based treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and glioblastoma multiforme
• • 4.9 Conclusion and future perspective
• • References

Chapter 5: Advancements in nanosensors for an early detection of cancer

• • 5.1 Introduction
• • 5.2 Classification of nanosensors
• • 5.2.1 Based on the materials used
• • 5.2.2 Based on the mode of transduction
• • 5.3 Role of nanosensors in an early detection of cancer
• • 5.3.1 Detection of biomarkers
• • 5.3.2 Detection of circulating tumor cells and exosomes
• • 5.3.3 Probing of living cancer cells
• • 5.3.4 Bioimaging of tumors
• • 5.3.5 Artificial intelligence with nanosensors for bioimaging
• • 5.3.6 Micro- and nanorobotics for an early detection of cancer
• • 5.3.7 Conclusion
• • Acknowledgments
• • References

Chapter 6: Biomedical applications of nanobiosensors in cancer—recent advances and future prospects

• • 6.1 Introduction
• • 6.1.1 Cancer onset and types
• • 6.2 Cancer diagnostic tools
• • 6.3 Nanotechnology
• • 6.3.1 Classification of nanoparticles
• • 6.3.2 Nanoparticles in biomedical applications
• • 6.4 Nanomaterials as biosensors—a novel approach to cancer diagnostics
• • 6.5 Cancer biomarkers
• • 6.5.1 Detection method
• • 6.6 Nanobiosensors
• • 6.7 Clinical trial of biosensors
• • 6.8 Advantages of nanobiosensors
• • 6.9 Conclusion
• • References

Chapter 7: Nanomaterial-based nanosensors for food safety applications

• • 7.1 Introduction
• • 7.2 Food safety and nanosensors
• • 7.3 Types of nanosensors
• • 7.3.1 Optical sensors
• • 7.3.2 Piezoelectric sensors
• • 7.4 Application in healthcare trends
• • 7.4.1 Food processing
• • 7.4.2 Nutraceuticals delivery and food packaging
• • 7.4.3 Food safety
• • 7.5 Conclusion
• • References

Chapter 8: Nanosensors in medical microbiology

• • 8.1 Introduction
• • 8.1.1 Foodborne and clinical pathogens
• • 8.2 Sensing of pathogens from food and clinical samples by using nanosensors
• • 8.3 Types of nanobiosensors
• • 8.3.1 Optical nanobiosensors
• • 8.3.2 Colorimetric nanobiosensors
• • 8.3.3 Electrochemical nanobiosensors
• • 8.3.4 Thermometric nanobiosensors
• • 8.3.5 Piezoelectric nanobiosensors
• • 8.3.6 Microfluidic nanobiosensors
• • References

Chapter 9: Nanosensors technology for diagnosis of viral infections

• • 9.1 Introduction
• • 9.2 Nanosensors: a brief overview
• • 9.2.1 Definition and functionality
• • 9.2.2 Types of nanosensors
• • 9.2.3 Nanosensors for viral detection
• • 9.2.4 Nanosensors for specific viral infections
• • 9.2.5 Challenges and limitations
• • 9.2.6 Future perspectives
• • 9.3 Conclusion
• • References

Chapter 10: Nanosensor-based therapeutic interventions to diagnose and cure bacterial infections

• • 10.1 Introduction
• • 10.2 Conventional diagnostic and therapeutic methods of bacterial infections
• • 10.3 Application of nanotechnology for bacterial infection management
• • 10.4 Nanodiagnostics for bacterial infection
• • 10.4.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
• • 10.4.2 Metal nanoparticles
• • 10.4.3 Nanowire-based biosensors
• • 10.4.4 Quantum dots
• • 10.4.5 Surface-enhanced photoluminescence
• • 10.4.6 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
• • 10.4.7 Field-effect transistors
• • 10.4.8 Fluorescent nanosensors
• • 10.4.9 DNA microarray
• • 10.5 Nanotherapeutics
• • 10.5.1 Inorganic nanoparticles
• • 10.5.2 Organic nanoparticles
• • 10.5.3 Quantum dots
• • 10.5.4 Nanowires
• • 10.5.5 Nanocarriers
• • 10.5.6 Others
• • 10.6 Conclusion
• • References

Chapter 11: Use of nanotechnology in diagnosis and cure of mycotic infections

• • 11.1 Introduction
• • 11.2 Nanotechnology for diagnosis and cure of mycotic infections
• • 11.3 Nanodiagnostic techniques
• • 11.3.1 Gold nanoparticles
• • 11.3.2 Magnetic nanoparticles
• • 11.3.3 Quantum dots
• • 11.3.4 Nanorods and nanotubes
• • 11.3.5 Nanowires
• • 11.3.6 Nanoprobes or nanosensors
• • 11.3.7 Nanobarcodes
• • 11.3.8 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanotags
• • 11.3.9 Surface plasmon resonancebased detection
• • 11.3.10 DNA microarray
• • 11.3.11 Other techniques
• • 11.4 Therapeutics of mycotic infections
• • 11.4.1 Conventional therapeutic methods for fungal infections
• • 11.4.2 Intervention of nanotechnology mycotic therapeutics
• • 11.5 Conclusion
• • References

Chapter 12: Potential applications of nanotechnology in management of parasitic diseases

• • 12.1 Introduction
• • 12.2 Traditional diagnosis and treatment methods of parasitic diseases
• • 12.3 Nanotechnology aided diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases
• • 12.3.1 Liposomes
• • 12.3.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles
• • 12.3.3 Quantum dots
• • 12.3.4 Polymeric nanoparticles
• • 12.3.5 Metal nanoparticles
• • 12.3.6 Nanosensors
• • 12.3.7 Carbon nanotubes
• • 12.3.8 Dendrimers
• • 12.3.9 Nanoemulsions
• • 12.3.10 Nanotechnology-based vaccines
• • 12.4 Conclusion
• • References

Chapter 13: Green-synthesized nanoparticles for biomedical sensor technology

• • 13.1 Introduction
• • 13.2 Obtaining of nanoparticles
• • 13.2.1 Nanoparticle synthesis with plants or green synthesis
• • 13.3 Biosensors
• • 13.3.1 Classification of sensors
• • 13.3.2 Introduction to nanobiosensors (nanomaterial-based biosensors)
• • 13.3.3 Applications of nanobiosensors
• • 13.4 Conclusion
• • References