On Certainty

On Certainty: The New Translation, 1st Edition, presents Ludwig Wittgenstein's final philosophical writings as a structured textbook for academic study by students and scholars. The primary purpose of this volume is to investigate fundamental questions in epistemology, focusing on how knowledge, doubt, and belief operate.

The material brings together written notes authored during the last eighteen months of Wittgenstein's life. Across these entries, the work explores how fundamental certainty underpins reasoning, analyzing the limits of doubt and the philosophy of language. Wittgenstein addresses how basic assumptions function prior to explicit justification, offering an investigation into the grounding of belief.

A key element of this publication is the facing-page German-English translation created by P. M. S. Hacker. This parallel presentation aids direct text comparison alongside the German original, offering effective reference material for university instruction and scholarly research across courses in analytic philosophy and epistemology.