Structural Concrete

Chapter 1: Introduction

• • 1.1 Structural Concrete
• • 1.2 Historical Background
• • 1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
• • 1.4 Codes of Practice
• • 1.5 Design Philosophy and Concepts
• • 1.6 Units of Measurement
• • 1.7 Loads
• • 1.8 Safety Provisions
• • 1.9 Structural Concrete Elements
• • 1.10 Structural Concrete Design
• • 1.11 Accuracy of Calculations
• • 1.12 Concrete High-Rise Buildings

Chapter 2: Properties of Reinforced Concrete

• • 2.1 Factors Affecting Strength of Concrete
• • 2.2 Compressive Strength
• • 2.3 Stress–Strain Curves of Concrete
• • 2.4 Tensile Strength of Concrete
• • 2.5 Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rupture) of Concrete
• • 2.6 Shear Strength
• • 2.7 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
• • 2.8 Poisson’s Ratio
• • 2.9 Shear Modulus
• • 2.10 Modular Ratio
• • 2.11 Volume Changes of Concrete
• • 2.12 Creep
• • 2.13 Models for Predicting Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete
• • 2.14 Unit Weight of Concrete
• • 2.15 Fire Resistance
• • 2.16 High-Performance Concrete
• • 2.17 Lightweight Concrete
• • 2.18 Fibrous Concrete
• • 2.19 Steel Reinforcement

Chapter 3: Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams

• • 3.1 Introduction
• • 3.2 Assumptions
• • 3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Reinforced Concrete Beam Loaded to Failure
• • 3.4 Types of Flexural Failure and Strain Limits
• • 3.5 Load Factors
• • 3.6 Strength Reduction Factor _𝜙_
• • 3.7 Significance of Analysis and Design Expressions
• • 3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress Distribution
• • 3.9 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Bending
• • 3.10 Lower Limit or Minimum Percentage of Steel
• • 3.11 Adequacy of Sections
• • 3.12 Bundled Bars
• • 3.13 Sections in the Transition Region (_𝜙_ < 0.9)
• • 3.14 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement
• • 3.15 Analysis of T- and I-Sections
• • 3.16 Dimensions of Isolated T-Shaped Sections
• • 3.17 Inverted L-Shaped Sections
• • 3.18 Sections of Other Shapes
• • 3.19 Analysis of Sections Using Tables
• • 3.20 Additional Examples
• • 3.21 Examples Using SI Units

Chapter 4: Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

• • 4.1 Introduction
• • 4.2 Rectangular Sections with Tension Reinforcement Only
• • 4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Concrete Cover
• • 4.4 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement
• • 4.5 Design of T-Sections
• • 4.6 Additional Examples
• • 4.7 Examples Using SI Units

Chapter 5: Shear and Diagonal Tension

• • 5.1 Introduction
• • 5.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams
• • 5.3 Behavior of Beams without Shear Reinforcement
• • 5.4 Beam Shear Strength
• • 5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement
• • 5.6 ACI Code Shear Design Requirements
• • 5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups
• • 5.8 Design Summary
• • 5.9 Shear Force Due to Live Loads
• • 5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of Variable Depth
• • 5.11 Examples Using SI Units

Chapter 6: Deflection and Control of Cracking

• • 6.1 Deflection of Structural Concrete Members
• • 6.2 Instantaneous Deflection
• • 6.3 Long-Time Deflection
• • 6.4 Allowable Deflection
• • 6.5 Deflection Due to Combinations of Loads
• • 6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members
• • 6.7 ACI Code Requirements

Chapter 7: Development Length of Reinforcing Bars

• • 7.1 Introduction
• • 7.2 Development of Bond Stresses
• • 7.3 Development Length in Tension
• • 7.4 Summary for Computation of _Id_ in Tension
• • 7.5 Development Length in Compression
• • 7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural Members
• • 7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Sections 25.4.3)
• • 7.8 Splices of Reinforcement
• • 7.9 Moment–Resistance Diagram (Bar Cutoff Points)

Chapter 8: Design of Deep Beams by the Strut-and-Tie Method

• • 8.1 Introduction
• • 8.2 _B_- and _D_-Regions
• • 8.3 Strut-and-Tie Model
• • 8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a Strut-and-Tie Model
• • 8.5 Strut-and-Tie Method According to AASHTO LRFD
• • 8.6 Deep Members

Chapter 9: One-Way Slabs

• • 9.1 Types of Slabs
• • 9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs
• • 9.3 Design Limitations According to ACI Code
• • 9.4 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement
• • 9.5 Reinforcement Details
• • 9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-Way Slabs to Supporting Beams
• • 9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System

Chapter 10: Axially Loaded Columns

• • 10.1 Introduction
• • 10.2 Types of Columns
• • 10.3 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns
• • 10.4 ACI Code Limitations
• • 10.5 Spiral Reinforcement
• • 10.6 Design Equations
• • 10.7 Axial Tension
• • 10.8 Long Columns

Chapter 11: Members in Compression and Bending

• • 11.1 Introduction
• • 11.2 Design Assumptions for Columns
• • 11.3 Load–Moment Interaction Diagram
• • 11.4 Safety Provisions
• • 11.5 Balanced Condition: Rectangular Sections
• • 11.6 Column Sections under Eccentric Loading
• • 11.7 Strength of Columns for Tension Failure
• • 11.8 Strength of Columns for Compression Failure
• • 11.9 Interaction Diagram Example
• • 11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side Bars
• • 11.11 Load Capacity of Circular Columns
• • 11.12 Analysis and Design of Columns Using Charts
• • 11.13 Design of Columns under Eccentric Loading
• • 11.14 Biaxial Bending
• • 11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform Reinforcement under Biaxial Bending
• • 11.16 Square and Rectangular Columns under Biaxial Bending
• • 11.17 Parme Load Contour Method
• • 11.18 Equation of Failure Surface
• • 11.19 SI Example

Chapter 12: Slender Columns

• • 12.1 Introduction
• • 12.2 Effective Column Length (_Klu_)
• • 12.3 Effective Length Factor (_K_)
• • 12.4 Member Stiffness (_EI_)
• • 12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness Ratio (_Ku_¨M_r_)
• • 12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method

Chapter 13: Footings

• • 13.1 Introduction
• • 13.2 Types of Footings
• • 13.3 Distribution of Soil Pressure
• • 13.4 Design Considerations
• • 13.5 Plain Concrete Footings
• • 13.6 Combined Footings
• • 13.7 Footings under Eccentric Column Loads
• • 13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment
• • 13.9 Slabs on Ground
• • 13.10 Footings on Piles
• • 13.11 SI Equations

Chapter 14: Retaining Walls

• • 14.1 Introduction
• • 14.2 Types of Retaining Walls
• • 14.3 Forces on Retaining Walls
• • 14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressures
• • 14.5 Effect of Surcharge
• • 14.6 Friction on the Retaining Wall Base
• • 14.7 Stability Against Overturning
• • 14.8 Proportions of Retaining Walls
• • 14.9 Design Requirements
• • 14.10 Drainage
• • 14.11 Basement Walls

Chapter 15: Design for Torsion

• • 15.1 Introduction
• • 15.2 Torsional Moments in Beams
• • 15.3 Torsional Stresses
• • 15.4 Torsional Moment in Rectangular Sections
• • 15.5 Combined Shear and Torsion
• • 15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete Members
• • 15.7 Torsional Strength of Plain Concrete Members
• • 15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members (ACI Code Procedure)
• • 15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures

Chapter 16: Continuous Beams and Frames

• • 16.1 Introduction
• • 16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous Beams
• • 16.3 Building Frames
• • 16.4 Portal Frames
• • 16.5 General Frames
• • 16.6 Design of Frame Hinges
• • 16.7 Introduction to Limit Design
• • 16.8 The Collapse Mechanism
• • 16.9 Principles of Limit Design
• • 16.10 Upper and Lower Bounds of Load Factors
• • 16.11 Limit Analysis
• • 16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges
• • 16.13 Summary of Limit Design Procedure
• • 16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maximum Negative or Positive Moments in Continuous Beams

Chapter 17: Design of Two-Way Slabs

• • 17.1 Introduction
• • 17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs
• • 17.3 Economical Choice of Concrete Floor Systems
• • 17.4 Design Concepts
• • 17.5 Column and Middle Strips
• • 17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Control Deflection
• • 17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs
• • 17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by the Direct Design Method
• • 17.9 Design Moments in Columns
• • 17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moments to Columns
• • 17.11 Waffle Slabs
• • 17.12 Equivalent Frame Method

Chapter 18: Stairs

• • 18.1 Introduction
• • 18.2 Types of Stairs
• • 18.3 Examples

Chapter 19: Introduction to Prestressed Concrete

• • 19.1 Prestressed Concrete
• • 19.2 Materials and Serviceability Requirements
• • 19.3 Loss of Prestress
• • 19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members
• • 19.5 Design of Flexural Members
• • 19.6 Cracking Moment
• • 19.7 Deflection
• • 19.8 Design for Shear
• • 19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members
• • 19.10 End-Block Stresses

Chapter 20: Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

• • 20.1 Introduction
• • 20.2 Seismic Design Category
• • 20.3 Analysis Procedures
• • 20.4 Load Combinations
• • 20.5 Special Requirements in Design of Structures Subjected to Earthquake Loads

Chapter 21: Beams Curved in Plan

• • 21.1 Introduction
• • 21.2 Uniformly Loaded Circular Beams
• • 21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End Supports
• • 21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam under Uniform Loading
• • 21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uniform Loading
• • 21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a Concentrated Load at Midspan
• • 21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uniform Loading
• • 21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a Concentrated Load at the Centerline of the Beam

Chapter 22: Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Based on AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications

• • 22.1 Introduction
• • 22.2 Typical Cross Sections
• • 22.3 Design Philosophy of AASHTO Specificatioins
• • 22.4 Load Factors and Combinations (AASHTO 3.4)
• • 22.5 Gravity Loads
• • 22.6 Design for Flexural and Axial Force Effects (AASHTO 5.6)
• • 22.7 Design for Shear (AASHTO 5.8)
• • 22.8 Loss of Prestress (AASHTO 5.9.3)
• • 22.9 Deflections (AASHTO 5.6.3.5.2)

Chapter 23: Review Problems on Concrete Building Components

Chapter 24: Design and Analysis Flowcharts

Chapter Appendix A: Design Tables (U.S. Customary Units)

Chapter Appendix B: Design Tables (SI Units)

Chapter Appendix C: Structural Aids